REPUBLIC OF KOREA: Korea Energy Master Plan: Outlook and Policies to 2035 (Second Energy Master Plan)

Meta Data
Draft: 
No
Revision of previous policy?: 
No
Draft Year: 
2014
Effective Start Year: 
2014
Effective End Year: 
2035
Scope: 
National
Document Type: 
Plan/Strategy
Economic Sector: 
Energy, Power
Energy Types: 
All, Power, Renewable, Solar, Wind, Other
Issued by: 
Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy
Source: 
Ministry of Trade, Industry & Energy
File: 
Second Energy Master Plan
Overall Summary: 
The Energy Master Plan is an overarching plan that covers all energy sectors and coordinates energy related plans from a macro perspective. The Plan aims to provide a mid- to long-term vision of energy policy and sets targets to be addressed. It was introduced by Article 41 of the Basic Law on Low Carbon Green Growth and Clause 1 of Article 10 of the Energy Law. The First Master Plan was introduced in 2008. This is the Second Master Plan, which is supposed to last 5 years before being reviewed. The Plan addresses the following topics: 1. Matters concerning trends and prospects of domestic and overseas demand and supply of energy 2. Matters concerning measures for stable import, supply, and management of energy 3. Matters concerning the targets for demand of energy, the composition of energy source, the saving of energy, and the improvement of efficiency in the use of energy 4. Matters concerning the supply and use of environmentally friendly energy, such as new and renewable energy 5. Matters concerning measures for the safety control of energy; and 6. Matters concerning the development and diffusion of technology related to energy, the training of professional human resources, international cooperation, the development and use of natural resources of energy, and welfare in energy.---Note: Development of Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI), Energy Management System (EMS), Energy Storage System (ESS).
Access
Energy access priorities: 
Promote projects for small-scale energy distribution to meet the daily energy demand of homes, villages, schools and others with renewable energy.---Electricity: Construct of power plants in a timely manner, maximize the use of available generation resources to secure a stable supply capacity at times of supply-demand imbalance, etc.
Energy access action plan: 
Improve energy welfare: Introduce an energy voucher system in 2015, expand energy efficiency projects for vulnerable households, and eradicate welfare blind spots by expanding infrastructure, such as system revision. Encourage energy intensive companies and industrial clusters larger than a certain size to meet some of their demand by in-house/private generation.
Consumer subsidies: 
Complementary policy to support the underprivileged: Minimize the impact of the energy price adjustment on the vulnerable by offering energy vouchers and increasing investment in energy efficiency.---Improve energy welfare: Introduce an energy voucher system in 2015, expand energy efficiency projects for vulnerable households, and eradicate welfare blind spots by expanding infrastructure, such as system revision.
Efficiency
EE priorities: 
New Policy Paradigm: Encourage rational use of electricity.---Shift to a less energy-intensive economy by strengthening energy efficiency standards for transportation, buildings, appliances and other sectors up to the levels of advanced countries.---Reinforce efficiency management for electricity to curb rapidly rising power consumption and encourage the expanded use of other energy sources, such as gas and thermal.---Strengthen the consultation system for energy use plans and recommend the efficient use of integrated energy and the active utilization of renewable energy when developing cities or industrial clusters.
EE targets: 
Policy objectives: 13% reduction in energy demand and 15% reduction in electricity demand by 2035. ---See Table for details over final energy consumption.---LED:1.36 million lights in subway stations, tunnels, airports, railway stations and highway tunnels will be replaced first.---Replace all lights used in public buildings with LED by 2020 and obligate the use of LED for mostly-on lights used in private buildings, such as underground parking lot lighting.---Newly-built buildings: Gradually strengthen the Energy Conservation Design Standards for Buildings to achieve the goal of zero energy for all newly-built buildings by 2025.[...] Expand the scope of the energy performance certification scheme*, which requires the issuance and submission of a certificate containing the energy consumption information of a building in the event of a property transaction. * (2013) Apartment buildings in Seoul with more than 500 units, offices of 3,000m2 or larger → (2016) All buildings across the country---Energy-intensive businesses: Reduce energy consumption through the target management scheme and other measures in accordance with the 2020 greenhouse gas emissions reduction target (18.5% reduction compared to BAU).---By 2022, solar PV generation is expected to achieve a generation cost of $0.112/kWh and improve the efficiency of cells and modules by 25% and 23% respectively (vision road map, 2013).---Fuel efficiency standards for cars: Design new fuel efficiency standards for 2016 to 2020 so that average fuel efficiency can reach the level of advanced countries by 2020 (Japan: 20.3km/ L, EU: 26.5km/L).
EE action plans: 
Creation of a road-map: Draft and present a road map for energy efficiency management programs, including energy efficiency labeling on products, to reduce market uncertainty.---Transition to energy policies focused on demand management: Adjust energy tax rates, improve the electricity rate system, establish a demand management system based on ICT, etc.---Adjust both energy taxes and electricity rates to encourage more rational consumption of energy and electricity.---Develop a variety of hourly-tiered pricing schemes to encourage users to invest in demand side management for peak reduction using private generators, ESS, etc.---LED: Replace lights in subway stations, tunnels, terminals and other places with large-scale LED lighting using ESCO funds and PF. ---Inverter: Encourage the use of high-efficiency inverters for three-phase induction motors.---Smart plugs: Add smart functions to the criteria for energy efficiency ratings and efficiently manage the energy consumption of home appliances.---Expanded targets: Expand targets of energy efficiency improvement to gas and district heating operators based on the progress made by KEPCO.---Promotion of the Demand Management Market ◎ Demand resources market: Create a demand management resources market to allow demand reduction resources (negawatts) gained from ESS and EMS to be traded the same way as supply generation resources (megawatts) • Promote profit generation and commercialization for a variety of business models using ESS, EMS, EHP and other demand management resources; Creation of an energy efficiency market: Revise relevant regulations to allow energy saved during peak hours as a result of efficiency projects to be traded in the power market.---Existing buildings: Expand the scope of the certification scheme for energy efficiency performance[...]to include existing buildings.---Expand the scope of the energy efficiency management scheme, which now applies to energy-using machinery, to cover energy-related products (ErP)* including construction materials (2014).--- Improve energy consumption efficiency by banning the production and sale of incandescent light bulbs, expanding the distribution LED lights, and distributing premium motors.---Expand deployment of natural gas air conditioning, which is effective for load management and for addressing the high winter/low summer consumption pattern of natural gas; and develop technology that improves the efficiency of natural gas air conditioning.---Encourage energy intensive companies and industrial clusters larger than a certain size to meet some of their demand by in-house/private generation.
EE standards for appliances: 
Establish energy efficiency management standards for built-in energy-using machinery/ products that construction companies install and provide to residents.---Closely regulate the standby power of set-top boxes and other devices which are on standby for 24 hours and gradually tighten the standard for standby power of electronics (current 1W → 0.5W 2015)
EE lighting and mechanical system standards: 
◎ Enhancement of energy efficiency standards: Improve energy consumption efficiency by banning the production and sale of incandescent light bulbs, expanding the distribution LED lights, and distributing premium motors
EE industry standards: 
Energy-intensive businesses: Reduce energy consumption through the target management scheme and other measures in accordance with the 2020 greenhouse gas emissions reduction target (18.5% reduction compared to BAU). ◎ Small and medium sized companies (SMEs):[...] * Target SMEs which are not subject to the target management scheme and the emissions trading scheme
EE building standards: 
Newly-built buildings: Gradually strengthen the Energy Conservation Design Standards for Buildings to achieve the goal of zero energy for all newly-built buildings by 2025. * Insulation standard based on 2009 figures: (2017) 60% reduction → (2025) 100% reduction.---Existing buildings: Expand the scope of the certification scheme for energy efficiency performance, which currently covers only new buildings (e.g., office and apartment buildings), to include existing buildings • Expand the scope of the energy performance certification scheme*, which requires the issuance and submission of a certificate containing the energy consumption information of a building in the event of a property transaction. * (2013) Apartment buildings in Seoul with more than 500 units, offices of 3,000m2 or larger → (2016) All buildings across the country
EE transport standards : 
Expand the scope of fuel efficiency standards from passenger cars to small commercial vehicles.---Fuel efficiency standards for cars: Design new fuel efficiency standards for 2016 to 2020 so that average fuel efficiency can reach the level of advanced countries by 2020 (Japan: 20.3km/ L, EU: 26.5km/L).---Eco-friendly cars: Distribute hybrid cars and clean diesel cars, which require less new infrastructure by 2020 and lay a foundation for distributing electric cars and hydrogen fuel cars
Energy Service Companies (ESCOs): 
Business support: Develop energy service companies (ESCOs) with EMS(Energy Management System) technologies as demand side management businesses/aggregators. Moreover, give such companies opportunities to participate in the power market.---Revise regulations to allow energy saved through efficiency improvements to be traded in the power market, taking into consideration the progress in demand-side bidding and the growth of demand management businesses, such as ESCO.---Design measures to promote service companies specialized in energy demand management and greenhouse gas emissions reduction (2014).
EE financial incentives: 
Incentive: Increase installation cost support and loans for small and medium-sized companies: Give additional credits when assessing the eligibility of EMS(Energy Management System)-based energy conservation projects for financial support.---LED: Give subsidies for installation to low-income families, welfare facilities, poultry farms, etc.---To ease the burden of initial investment costs, provide more subsidies for district cooling and gas cooling installation and promote the distribution of desiccant cooling systems to provide district cooling for apartment buildings.---Small and medium sized companies (SMEs): Encourage voluntary energy conservation by providing additional support and incentives.---Develop business models, such as car sharing and long-term lease services, and begin the formation of a new market through purchase subsidies for different vehicle types and other measures.---Small and medium sized companies (SMEs): Encourage voluntary energy conservation by providing additional support and incentives
Renewable Energy
RE priorities: 
Strengthen the consultation system for energy use plans and recommend[...] the active utilization of renewable energy when developing cities or industrial clusters.---Support for areas with high potential for use: Expand renewable energy deployment to isolated islands heavily reliant on expensive fossil fuels, particularly diesel generators.
RE targets: 
Expand distributed generation: Supply more than 15% of power from distributed sources, such as integrated energy systems, renewable energy, and in-house generators by 2035 (current contribution rate: 5%).---Renewable energy deployment: Raise the renewable energy deployment rate to 11% by 2035 by extending deployment policies currently applied to electricity to heat and transportation and by implementing a private sector-driven deployment system.
RE action plans: 
Conversion to clean fuel: Take into account the costs of achieving renewable energy deployment and the national GHG emissions reduction target.---Promote projects for small-scale energy distribution to meet the daily energy demand of homes, villages, schools and others with renewable energy.---Introduce a photovoltaic rental business to provide one-stop service to help anyone easily install and maintain such devices.---Create a renewable energy complex by designating certain areas to receive support for a total package of solar PV, wind power and ESSs.---Integration of the solar PV and non-solar PV markets: Integrate the solar PV market into the broader market from 2016 in order to give more options to power generators, increase flexibility, etc.---Improving the strategic use of renewable energy: - Support for areas with high potential for use: Expand renewable energy deployment to isolated islands heavily reliant on expensive fossil fuels, particularly diesel generators; In order to improve public acceptance, provide incentives for plant construction projects with local participation in regions where opposition from local residents is likely.
Biofuels obligation/mandate: 
Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS): Introduce the RFS, which requires transportation fuel to contain a minimum volume of renewable fuel • Initially, the RFS will be applied to biodiesel. Subsequently, a decision on whether to apply the RFS to bioethanol and biogas will be made in consideration of various factors, such as domestic supply and demand of raw materials, technology, and infrastructure.
RE heat obligation/mandate: 
Renewable Heat Obligation (RHO): Adopt the RHO, which requires new buildings to use a certain share of heat energy from renewable sources • First, require new buildings with more than 10,000㎡ in total floor space, except for residential and public buildings, to meet 10% of their heat energy demand with renewable sources.
Tradeable REC: 
Convergence of new technologies: Adjust the weight of the Renewable Energy Certificate upward when an ESS is established alongside wind power facilities. This may also be applied to other energy sources in the future.---Establishment of an integrated market: Integrate the renewable energy certificates (REC) markets for power, heat energy and transportation fuel to provide obligated entities with flexibility in terms of implementation and to expand the size of market.
RE capital subsidy, grant, or rebate: 
Eco-friendly cars: - [...] begin the formation of a new market through purchase subsidies for different vehicle types and other measures.---Improving the strategic use of renewable energy: In order to improve public acceptance, provide incentives for plant construction projects with local participation in regions where opposition from local residents is likely.---Renewable energy deployment: [...] Introduce a photovoltaic rental business; provide incentives for projects invested in by local residents and with benefit-sharing mechanisms; etc.
Environment
Energy environmental priorities: 
Conversion to clean fuel: Take into account the costs of achieving renewable energy deployment and the national GHG emissions reduction target.
GHG emissions reduction targets: 
Energy-intensive businesses: Reduce energy consumption through the target management scheme and other measures in accordance with the 2020 greenhouse gas emissions reduction target (18.5% reduction compared to BAU).
Pollution control action plans: 
Objective: Apply the latest GHG reduction technology to new power plants; Main tasks: Strengthen climate change response, enhance nuclear safety, etc.---Strengthen climate change response: Apply GHG reduction technologies, such as USC and CCS, to thermal power plants as soon as they are available.---The use of low carbon energy, such as nuclear energy and renewable energy, should be expanded to reduce GHG emissions.---Design measures to promote service companies specialized in energy demand management and greenhouse gas emissions reduction (2014).---Greenhouse gas reduction: Promote the commercialization of carbon capture and storage technologies through a 100 MW carbon capture and CO2 storage demonstration.---Expand deployment of natural gas air conditioning, which is effective for load management and for addressing the high winter/low summer consumption pattern of natural gas; and develop technology that improves the efficiency of natural gas air conditioning.
Decarbonization strategy: 
Industrial cluster: Switch to low-carbon industrial clusters by establishing integrated energy monitoring systems and joint power generation using waste heat.---Eco-friendly cars: Distribute hybrid cars and clean diesel cars, which require less new infrastructure by 2020 and lay a foundation for distributing electric cars and hydrogen fuel cars.---Greenhouse gas reduction: Promote the commercialization of carbon capture and storage technologies through a 100 MW carbon capture and CO2 storage demonstration.---Develop measures to combat climate change for coal-fired plants and energy-intensive industries, which are the main sources of greenhouse gas emissions.---Promotion of the Demand Management Market ◎ Demand resources market: Create a demand management resources market to allow demand reduction resources (negawatts) gained from ESS and EMS to be traded the same way as supply generation resources (megawatts) • Promote profit generation and commercialization for a variety of business models using ESS, EMS, EHP and other demand management resources; Creation of an energy efficiency market: Revise relevant regulations to allow energy saved during peak hours as a result of efficiency projects to be traded in the power market.
Carbon markets: 
Promotion of an offset market: Design offset programs to help industry achieve cost-effective reduction of GHG emissions in the ETS: Review the use of green credits in the domestic offset market, which can be earned from the Korea Voluntary Emission Reduction Program, renewable and energy efficiency projects and other projects. Encourage small-scale emitters, such as companies with reduction obligations, to implement offset projects.---Green Credits: Review the possibility of recognizing emissions reduction achieved with capital and technology investment of large companies in SMEs as external reduction performance (offsets) under the target scheme and emissions trading scheme.
Green finance: 
Global green market: Establish comprehensive support mechanisms, supporting all stages of a project from selection and planning to financing and implementation, to help domestic businesses enter foreign markets.
Pricing
Renewable energy subsidies: 
Improving the strategic use of renewable energy: - Support for areas with high potential for use: Expand renewable energy deployment to isolated islands heavily reliant on expensive fossil fuels, particularly diesel generators; In order to improve public acceptance, provide incentives for plant construction projects with local participation in regions where opposition from local residents is likely.[...] Allow ESSs installed in renewable energy facilities to be counted as renewable energy auxiliary facilities and provide incentives, such as subsidies, financial support, and tax credits, accordingly.
Energy taxation: 
Tax reform: Adjust energy tax rates to reduce the imbalance between the consumption of electricity and other energy sources (Impose a tax on bituminous coal used for generation, offer tax incentives for LNG, etc).---Adjust both energy taxes and electricity rates to encourage more rational consumption of energy and electricity.---Lower the tax rate for kerosene and propane to ease the burden on low-income families and adjust the relative prices of energy sources.
Energy pricing: 
Rate revision: Revise the rate system to reflect environmental and social costs (e.g., refurbishment of nuclear facilities and the transmission network), apply different pricing for different types of use (e.g., progressive rate relief, pricing based on voltage), expand critical-peak pricing, etc.---Gradually make energy prices reflect social costs, such as nuclear plant safety, transmission line maintenance, and GHG emissions reduction.---Complementary policy to support the underprivileged: Minimize the impact of the energy price adjustment on the vulnerable by offering energy vouchers and increasing investment in energy efficiency. New Policy Paradigm - Rate Structure: Simplify rate structure for each use · Adjust progressive electricity rates for household use.---Expand the ‘opt-in' rate system.---Set electricity rates at realistic levels to encourage reasonable electricity use.---Expand seasonally/hourly tiered pricing to all types of power use, including optional coverage for low-voltage power, to accompany the expanded deployment of smart meters.---Develop and apply various opt-in pricing schemes to promote reasonable power consumption and reflect power supply and demand, individual consumption patterns, etc.---Develop a variety of hourly-tiered pricing schemes to encourage users to invest in demand side management for peak reduction using private generators, ESS, etc.---In the mid- to long-term, review a variety of opt-in pricing schemes, including contract pricing between consumers and operators and tiered pricing based on power supply quality. ---Simplify the use-based pricing scheme to minimize pricing differences between different types of use - Power for homes, street lights, and night-time use has different load characteristics and so should continue to be priced separately.---Strengthen the foundation of the city gas supply by expanding the main city gas pipeline, and promote the deployment of city gas through policy loans and other measures.---Complementary policy to support the underprivileged: Minimize the impact of the energy price adjustment on the vulnerable by offering energy vouchers and increasing investment in energy efficiency.---Instead of forced power savings, apply incentive pricing to add surcharges at certain peak hours in summer and winter and to lower prices at other times.---Rationalize regulations on direct import by the private sector in order to contain potential inefficiency caused by the natural gas monopoly system* and decrease the LNG import unit price.
Energy Supply and Infrastructure
Energy supply priorities: 
Objective: Secure a stable supply of conventional energy sources, such as oil and gas. Main tasks: Diversify supply routes, expand domestic stockpiling capacity, etc
Energy mix: 
The Second Energy Master Plan should establish a consensus on the energy mix, including the share of nuclear energy, and present future policy directions on restoring the market function of energy prices, improving power grid stability, and other areas. • Nuclear energy share: A share of 22%~29% for nuclear energy was recommended in view of changed conditions since the First Energy Master Plan. • Renewable energy share: A share of 11% for renewable energy was recommended after considering analysis of the deployment potential of each energy source.---A total of 43 GW of installed capacity is required to raise the share of nuclear energy to 29% by 2035.
Infrastructure development priorities: 
Stabilization of the Power Grid Through Distributed Plant Locations: Shift away from the current practice of constructing transmission and transformation facilities as a subsidiary part of power plant construction plans toward securing power plant locations in advance based on consideration of grid restraints. Existing Policy Paradigm: -Planning · First develop power generation plan → then plan transmission accordingly New Policy Paradigm: · Consider grid restraints in advance before building generation facilities. -Construction · Large power facilities + Extra-high voltage transmission lines vs.· Utilize existing lines as much as possible + Develop small energy sources near endusers---Improving the strategic use of renewable energy: Support for areas with high potential for use: Expand renewable energy deployment to isolated islands heavily reliant on expensive fossil fuels, particularly diesel generators.--- Main tasks: Detect transmission constraints in advance, expand distributed generation, etc.---Construct power plants in areas with sufficient transmission capacity: Provide information on available sites for new plants in advance to minimize construction of ultra-high voltage transmission lines.---Gas: Respond aggressively to changes in the global market, such as the emergence of shale gas, and expand the supply infrastructure for domestic stockpiling.---Expand distributed generation: Supply more than 15% of power from distributed sources, such as integrated energy systems, renewable energy, and in-house generators by 2035 (current contribution rate: 5%).---Operate transmission network operation: Develop integrated plans for generation and transmission raise public acceptance through a review of ultra-high-voltage transmission lines, and establish an independent body to manage and supervise the power grid.---Gas: [...] expand the supply infrastructure for domestic stockpiling.---Electricity: Construct of power plants in a timely manner, maximize the use of available generation resources to secure a stable supply capacity at times of supply-demand imbalance, etc.---Transmission costs: Improve power lines, including HVDC, and offer realistic compensation to minimize the impact on local communities.---Minimize the construction of new extra-high voltage lines and construct such lines only when unavoidable, such as when expanding nuclear and other power plants for policy reasons and improving the public grid.---When the construction of extra high voltage transmission lines is unavoidable, carry out complementary measures, such as burying HVDC lines underground.---Commence the construction of transmission lines only after giving full consideration to the opinions of local residents at every stage, from selecting routes to finalizing construction plans.---Create "Power grid reliability standards*" to improve grid reliability to the level of advanced countries and to establish clear-cut lines of authority and responsibility among related organizations.---Strengthen the foundation of the city gas supply by expanding the main city gas pipeline, and promote the deployment of city gas through policy loans and other measures.---Distribution of district cooling and gas cooling: Promote the distribution of devices using nonelectric energy sources.
Regional integration priorities: 
Oil: Reduce dependence on certain oil exporting countries by diversifying oil import routes and improve the industrial structure by establishing a Northeast Asia oil hub. Oil: [...] improve the industrial structure by establishing a Northeast Asia oil hub.
Trade
Energy trade priorities: 
Oil: Reduce dependence on certain oil exporting countries by diversifying oil import routes.---Aim to become a Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) export powerhouse by 2020.---Rationalize regulations on direct import by the private sector in order to contain potential inefficiency caused by the natural gas monopoly system* and decrease the LNG import unit price.
Advance rulings: 
Energy conservation target for freight: Require large shippers, such as manufacturers and distributors, with a freight amount above a certain level to report their energy consumption and comply with energy savings targets.
Investment
Energy sector investment priorities: 
Formulate mid- to long-term investment strategies/portfolios to determine technology development priorities.---Improve safety: Prioritize safety in the operation of nuclear power plants by expanding investment[...].---◎ Build capacity for overseas resource development: Reorient public enterprises toward high risk areas and long-term investment, while private enterprises focus on areas with high market potential.---Investment promotion: Encourage heavy energy consumers and public organizations to make a large investment in ESSs (Energy Storage Systems) by revising electricity rates and related systems.---Increased investment by KEPCO in efficiency improvement: Reinforce KEPCO's efficiency improvement projects starting from 2014.---Promote private sector investment by expanding the investment guarantee scheme for the Resource Development Fund from the current 1.9 trillion won to 4 trillion won by 2017, and by enhancing principal protection for investors in the fund.---Expansion of R&D and creation of portfolios: Focus investment on renewable energy R&D until 2024. Investment should grow more than 5% annually.
Financial incentives for energy infrastructure: 
Incentive: Increase installation cost support and loans for small and medium-sized companies: Give additional credits when assessing the eligibility of EMS(Energy Management System)-based energy conservation projects for financial support.---Provide incentives based on the level of participation of related domestic industries in the development stage. Such incentives may include preference for resource development companies when applying for loan programs.
Tax and duty exemptions for energy equipment: 
Provide tax credits for investment in installing EMS(Energy Management System) and lengthen the diagnosis interval when those subject to the Energy Diagnosis adopt EMS (3-5 years → 10 years maximum, revision of the Energy Use Rationalization Act).
Independent power producers: 
Promotion of distributed power generation: Allow private power generators (e.g., solar PV power generator rental), energy donations (to social welfare centers) and other relevant activities to be counted as implementation of renewable energy.---Integration of the solar PV and non-solar PV markets: Integrate the solar PV market into the broader market from 2016 in order to give more options to power generators, increase flexibility, etc.
Investment climate development: 
Build capacity for overseas resource development: Reorient[...] private enterprises focus on areas with high market potential. [E]xpand support to encourage private investment and entrance into related industries, such as plant construction.---Promotion of distributed renewable energy: [P]romote private investment, including investment in the financial sector.---Promote private sector investment by expanding the investment guarantee scheme for the Resource Development Fund from the current 1.9 trillion won to 4 trillion won by 2017, and by enhancing principal protection for investors in the fund.
Public Private Partnerships: 
Build capacity for overseas resource development: [E]xpand support to encourage private investment and entrance into related industries, such as plant construction.---Undertake public-private joint investment of 2 trillion won in win-win commercialization projects that will create future growth engines for both SMEs and large companies by 2035.---Encourage the launch of private-public consortiums in which public enterprises take the lead in the high-risk exploration stage while the private sector takes the lead in the low-risk stages of development and production.
Overseas investment support: 
Support for overseas projects: Provide package support for overseas projects, from the initial stage to installation, in order to encourage domestic companies to enter overseas markets.---Build capacity for overseas resource development: Reorient public enterprises toward high risk areas and long-term investment, while private enterprises focus on areas with high market potential. Shift the focus of public enterprises from M&As and share purchases to exploration and development activities and operating rights, expand support to encourage private investment and entrance into related industries, such as plant construction.---Global green market: Establish comprehensive support mechanisms, supporting all stages of a project from selection and planning to financing and implementation, to help domestic businesses enter foreign markets.
Governance
Energy management principles: 
Revise the basic curricula of universities specializing in resource development to produce high-quality workers through professional training with a focus on practical skills.---Respond proactively to energy-related conflicts: Improve transparency throughout the process of establishing and implementing policies on the transmission network, spent fuel management, nuclear energy, etc.---Strengthen cooperation with local governments: Conduct an assessment of the "Regional Energy Plan” for distributed generation and energy saving and incorporate the plan into the budget.---Commence the construction of transmission lines only after giving full consideration to the opinions of local residents at every stage, from selecting routes to finalizing construction plans.
National policy structure: 
Shape energy policy to reflect public opinion: Objective: Introduce an “Energy Voucher System” in 2015; Main tasks: Improve energy welfare, respond pro-actively to energy- related controversies, etc.---Respond proactively to energy-related conflicts: Improve transparency throughout the process of establishing and implementing policies on the transmission network, spent fuel management, nuclear energy, etc.---Strengthen cooperation with local governments: Conduct an assessment of the "Regional Energy Plan” for distributed generation and energy saving and incorporate the plan into the budget.---Enact laws on nuclear regulation and supervision [...].----Revise regulations to allow energy saved through efficiency improvements to be traded in the power market, taking into consideration the progress in demand-side bidding and the growth of demand management businesses, such as ESCO.---Creation of a road-map: Draft and present a road map for energy efficiency management programs, including energy efficiency labeling on products, to reduce market uncertainty.---Present new policy directions to improve energy efficiency using ICT, increase R&D investment in key clean technology for the future, create a new market and industry in climate, etc.---Revise the Urban Gas Business Act to relax regulations on the sale and exchange of imports to enable private-sector direct importers to manage supply and demand more efficiently.
Energy institutional structures: 
Operate transmission network operation: [...] establish an independent body to manage and supervise the power grid.---[F]orm a government panel for the integrated administration of public nuclear facilities.---Establish a nuclear industry policy council* to coordinate the distributed management and supervision roles of stated-owned NPP organizations and facilitate a speedy decision making process.---Consolidate the institutional base: Improve the establishment process for regional energy plans; enact ordinances related to regional energy policy; establish local government energy commissions; etc.
M&E of policy implementation: 
Analysis of policy effectiveness: Analyze energy consumption patterns and other information to assess the effectiveness of each policy, including pricing policy and reduction of energy consumption for each sector, and make policy measures more precise and efficient.
Statistics collection and management: 
Open and integrated systems: Establish a system for cooperation on statistics and policy and conduct joint forecasting between energy suppliers and related organizations. Additionally, seek cooperation with outside professional agencies.---Establishment of infrastructure: Establish a system to collect end user energy consumption data and set up a legal and institutional framework to expand related infrastructure.
Public database availability: 
Demand outlook: Use Energy information service systems to provide timely and appropriate information for policy makers and energy consumers through a reliable energy forecasting system.
Technology
Clean energy technology priorities: 
Present new policy directions to improve energy efficiency using ICT, increase R&D investment in key clean technology for the future, create a new market and industry in climate, etc.---Formulate mid- to long-term investment strategies/portfolios to determine technology development priorities.---Improve safety: Prioritize safety in the operation of nuclear power plants by expanding investment, improving management of aged plants, and fostering planned and preventive inspections to enhance nuclear safety on a large scale.---Promote innovation in the nuclear industry: Revise relevant systems and consolidate operational systems to introduce observation, monitoring, openness, and competition into the value chain of the nuclear industry.---Continuously strengthen the stability of nuclear power through nuclear industry reforms, such as introducing an open and check system and improving the management and supervision systems of nuclear operators.---Future technology: Develop technology portfolios, including the best available technology* that can be applied in advance, by reviewing and analyzing demand management technologies and policy trends at home and abroad - * e.g. Ultra Super Critical (USC), carbon capture storage, and other energy conversion technology for reduction.---Complete the construction of low and intermediate level radioactive waste (LILW) disposal facilities in 2014 in a timely manner on the principle of safety-first.--- Steel: Develop technologies* for CO2-free steelmaking and promote ICT-based energy management systems * The replacement of coal with hydrogen in the steelmaking process is expected to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 30%.---Greenhouse gas reduction: Promote the commercialization of carbon capture and storage technologies through a 100 MW carbon capture and CO2 storage demonstration.---Develop energy technology: Promote the development of key technologies to support stronger demand management, the expansion of distributed generation, etc.
Clean energy technology transfer: 
[P]rovide conservation consulting services, facilitate financial and technological cooperation between big and small companies (green credits), [...].
Clean energy technology deployment: 
Investment expansion: Invest four trillion won by 2035 in developing technologies, such as distributed generation and demand management technologies. Moreover, expand investment in developing core technologies to more than three times the current level by 2022 (From annual investment of 14.5 billion won as of 2013 to annual investment of 50 billion won by 2022).---Develop technologies that will lead to the early commercialization of storage systems other than lithium batteries, such as Redox Flow Battery and NaS, before 2020.---Remove technological barriers that impede the expansion of the renewable energy supply • Removal of barriers: Increase investment in developing new materials and new processing technologies to resolve the problems of low efficiency and high generation costs, which hinder market growth.
Low-emission and cleaner coal technology: 
Expand investment in R&D aimed at making fossil-fuel based conventional energy sources cleaner: Thermal power generation: Develop highly efficient and environmentally friendly thermal power generation systems and seek technologies to increase the use of domestic parts and materials in power plants.---Clean fuel: Expand investment aimed at making the use of coal cleaner, such as a 1000 barrels/day coal-to-liquid plant demonstration and a 300 MW integrated gasification combined cycle demonstration.
Natural gas transportation technology: 
Build additional main gas pipelines, along with new LNG plants, by 2017 to secure a timely supply of gas. In addition, construct gasification and transmission facilities and other supply infrastructure.---Strengthen the foundation of the city gas supply by expanding the main city gas pipeline, and promote the deployment of city gas through policy loans and other measures.
R&D renewable energy: 
Direction for Technology Development: Renewable Energy - R&D for grid parity demonstration.---Demonstration model development: Promote R&D to nurture the renewable industry into an export industry and develop a model to expand the scope of application to include BIPV, large-scale wind farms, etc.---Expansion of R&D and creation of portfolios: Focus investment on renewable energy R&D until 2024. Investment should grow more than 5% annually.
R&D energy efficiency: 
Direction for Technology Development: Demand Management - R&D for creating business opportunities.---Realize energy-saving by applying demand management ICT technology: Smart buildings: Increase investment in the development of passive building techniques and building energy management systems* (BEMS), such as exterior insulation systems and vacuum heat insulating materials; Smart industry complexes: Develop technology for high-efficiency processes in energy intensive industries, such as steelmaking and chemicals, and increase investment in R&D for motors, boilers, driers and other devices.---Removal of barriers: Increase investment in developing new materials and new processing technologies to resolve the problems of low efficiency and high generation costs, which hinder market growth.---Develop technologies that will lead to the early commercialization of storage systems otherthan lithium batteries, such as Redox Flow Battery and NaS, before 2020.
R&D pollution abatement: 
Vehicles: Facilitate R&D and early commercialization of environmentally friendly vehicles; remove energy-intensive stages, improve the manufacturing process by constructing resource-recycling plants,1) etc.; and diversify the energy mix2) to protect the environment [...] Introduce photovoltaics, fuel cells and other renewable energy sources for vehicles and processes, adopt VOC recovery systems, etc.
Technology collaboration with other member States: 
Expand international joint research funding and establish a joint research network with advanced countries • Increase funding for international joint R&D more than two-fold by 2020. Use associations of Korean scientists and technology experts living abroad, such as the UKC, CKC, and EKC, as a platform to promote technology exchange with partner nations.