Solar Photovoltaic (PV)Systems

Contents

Appendices

APPENDIX A – EXAMPLES OF SOLAR PV SYSTEM ON BUILDINGS INSINGAPORE

A.1       ZERO ENERGY BUILDING @ BCA ACADEMY                                                 32

A.2      POH ERN SHIH (TEMPLE OF THANKSGIVING)                                               34

A.3      313 SOMERSET CENTRAL                                                                             36

A.4      SENTOSA COVE                                                                                            38

A.5      MARINA BARRAGE                                                                                        40

A.6      LONZA BIOLOGICS                                                                                       42

A.7      ZERO ENERGY HOUSE                                                                                  44

A.8       TAMPINES GRANDE                                                                                      46

A.9       HDB APARTMENT BLOCKS AT SERANGOON NORTH PRECINCT                     48

A.10   HDB APARTMENT BLOCKS AT WELLINGTON CIRCLE PRECINCT                   50

APPENDIX B

B.1    ENGAGING A LICENSED ELECTRICAL WORKER                                            52

APPENDIX C

C.1    CONTACT INFORMATION                                                                             54

APPENDIX D – INCENTIVES FOR SOLAR PV SYSTEM

D.1       SOLAR CAPABILITY SCHEME (SCS)                                                               55

D.2       MARKET DEVELOPMENT FUND (MDF)                                                           56

D.3       GREEN MARK SCHEME                                                                                  57

D.4       GREEN MARK GROSS FLOOR AREA (GM-GFA) INCENTIVE SCHEME               58

D.5       $100 MILLION GREEN MARK INCENTIVE SCHEME                                         59

FOR EXISTING BUILDINGS (GMIS-EB)

D.6       ENHANCED $20 MILLION GREEN MARK INCENTIVE SCHEME FOR                 60

NEW BUILDINGS (GMIS-NB)

Foreword

Cognizant of the growing popularity of solar photovoltaic (PV) installations amongst residential dwellers aswell as building developers, and the corresponding demand for a comprehensive set of technical and regulatory information, the Energy Market Authority (EMA) and the Building Construction Authority (BCA) gottogether earlier this year to work on integrating their respective solar manuals into an all-in-one reference guide for those who are keen on installing solar PV systems in Singapore.

The outcome of this joint project, which also saw the involvement of industry partners and stakeholders suchas Phoenix Solar Pte Ltd, Grenzone Pte Ltd, Solar Energy Research Institute of Singapore (SERIS) and Singapore Polytechnic, is this “Handbook for Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Systems”. Through this integrated and revised handbook, we hope to be able to provide a comprehensive guide to the relevant parties, includingowners, developers, engineers, architects, Licensed Electrical Workers and electricians on the key issues, requirements and processes pertaining to the installation of solar PV systems.

As with the previous edition of the handbooks, this single volume covers and provides information on licensing,market and technical requirements, and building and structural issues that are related to the implementation ofsolar PV systems in a building environment. In addition, it provides new information on the installation requirements for solar PV systems, operations and recommended preventive maintenance works, and variousincentives to promote solar PV systems in Singapore. We have also refreshed the presentation of the handbookto make it more accessible and reader- friendly, as well as to incorporate examples of completed solar PVinstallations in Singapore.

We hope you will find this to be a useful guide.

David Tan                                                        Ang Kian Seng

Deputy Chief Executive                                      Director

Energy Planning and Development Division         Centre of Sustainable Building & Construction EnergyMarket Authority      Building and Construction Authority

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank the following organisations for their support and contributions in the developmentof this handbook:

1)                 Grenzone Pte Ltd

2)                 Phoenix Solar Pte Ltd

3)                 Singapore Polytechnic

4)                 Solar Energy Research Institute of Singapore (SERIS)

5)                 SP PowerGrid

6)                 Urban Redevelopment Authority

Solar Photovoltaic(“PV”) Systems –An Overview

1.1                         Introduction

The sun delivers its energy to us in two main forms: heat and light. There are two main types of solar power systems, namely, solar thermal systems that trap heat to warm up water, and solar PV systems that convert sunlight directly into electricity as shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1. The difference between solar thermal and solar PV systems

When the PV modules are exposed to sunlight, they generate direct current (“DC”) electricity. Aninverter then converts the DC into alternating current (“AC”) electricity, so that it can feed into one of the building’s AC distribution boards (“ACDB”) without affecting the quality of power supply.

1.2                         Types of Solar PV System

Solar PV systems can be classified based on the end-use application of the technology. There are twomain types of solar PV systems: grid-connected (or grid-tied) and off-grid (or stand alone) solar PVsystems.

Grid-connected solar PV systems

The main application of solar PV in Singapore is grid-connected, as Singapore’s main island is wellcovered by the national power grid. Most solar PV systems are installed on buildings or mounted onthe ground if land is not a constraint. For buildings, they are either mounted on the roof or integrated into the building. The latter is also known as Building Integrated Photovoltaics (“BIPV”). With BIPV, the PV module usually displaces another building component, e.g. window glass or roof/wall cladding, thereby serving a dual purpose and offsetting some costs.

The configuration of a grid-connected solar PV system is shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2. Grid-connected solar PV system configuration

A building has two parallel power supplies, one from the solar PV system and the other from the power grid. The combined power supply feeds all the loads connected to the main ACDB.

The ratio of solar PV supply to power grid supply varies, depending on the size of the solar PV system. Whenever the solar PV supply exceeds the building’s demand, excess electricity will be exported into the grid. When there is no sunlight to generate PV electricity at night, the power gridwill supply all of the building’s demand.

A grid-connected system can be an effective way to reduce your dependence on utility power,increase renewable energy production, and improve the environment.

Off-grid solar PV systems

Off-grid solar PV systems are applicable for areas without power grid. Currently, such solar PVsystems are usually installed at isolated sites where the power grid is far away, such as rural areas or off-shore islands. But they may also be installed within the city in situations where it is inconvenient or too costly to tap electricity from the power grid. For example, in Singapore, several URA parking signlights are powered by off-grid solar PV systems.

An off-grid solar PV system needs deep cycle rechargeable batteries such as lead-acid, nickel-cadmium or lithium-ion batteries to store electricity for use under conditions where there is little or no output from the solar PV system, such as during the night, as shown in Figure 3 below.

Figure 3. Off-grid solar PV system configuration

1.3                          Solar PV Technology

This section gives a brief description of the solar PV technology and the common technical termsused.

A solar PV system is powered by many crystalline or thin film PV modules. Individual PV cells are interconnected to form a PV module. This takes the form of a panel for easy installation.

Mono-Crystalline Silicon PV Cell                            Poly-Crystalline Silicon PV Cell

Figure 4. Mono-and Poly-Crystalline Silicon PV Cell

PV cells are made of light-sensitive semiconductor materials that use photons to dislodge electrons todrive an electric current. There are two broad categories of technology used for PV cells, namely, crystalline silicon, as shown in Figure 4 which accounts for the majority of PV cell production; and thin film, which is newer and growing in popularity. The “family tree” in Figure 5 gives an overview of these technologies available today and Figure 6 illustrates some of these technologies.

Figure 5. PV technology family tree

Mono-crystalline silicon

Poly-crystalline silicon

Flexible amorphous thin film

CIGS thin film

Figure 6. Common PV module technologies

Crystalline Silicon and Thin Film Technologies

Crystalline cells are made from ultra-pure silicon raw material such as those used insemiconductor chips. They use silicon wafers that are typically 150-200 microns (one fifth of a millimetre) thick.

Thin film is made by depositing layers of semiconductor material barely 0.3 to 2micrometres thick onto glass or stainless steel substrates. As the semiconductor layers are so thin, the costs of raw material are much lower than the capital equipment and processing costs.

Conversion Efficiency

Table 1. Conversion efficiencies of variousPV module technologies

Apart from aesthetic differences, the most obvious difference amongst PV celltechnologies is in its conversion efficiency,as summarised in Table 1.

For example, a thin film amorphous silicon PV array will need close to twice the spaceof a crystalline silicon PV array because its module efficiency is halved, for the samenominal capacity under Standard TestConditions1 (STC) rating.

1Standard Test Conditions refer to the following testing conditions:

• 1,000W/m2 of sunlight
• 250C cell temperature
• Spectrum at air mass of 1.5

For crystalline silicon PV modules, the module efficiency is lower compared to the sum of the component cell efficiency due to the presence of gaps between the cells and the border around the circuit i.e., wasted space that does not generate any power hence lower total efficiency.

Effects of Temperature

Another important differentiator in solar PV performance, especially in hot climates, is the temperature coefficient of power. PV cell performance declines as cell temperature rises.

For example, in bright sunlight, cell temperatures in Singapore can reach over 70ºC, whereas PV modules are rated at a cell temperature of 25ºC. The loss in power output at 70ºC is thereforemeasured as (70 - 25) x temperature coefficient.

Most thin film technologies have a lower negative temperature coefficient compared to crystallinetechnologies. In other words, they tend to lose less of their rated capacity as temperature rises. Hence, under Singapore’s climatic condition, thin film technologies will generate 5-10% moreelectricity per year.

A PV module data sheet should specify the temperature coefficient. See Table 2 and chart in Figure 7.

Table 2. Temperature coefficient of various PV cell technologes

Figure 7. The effects of a negative temperature coefficient ofpower on PV module performance

The PV modules are next connected in series into a PV string as shown in Figure 8. A PV array asshown in Figure 9 is formed by the parallel aggregation of PV strings.

Figure 8. PV String                                                Figure 9. PV Array

1.4                          Technical Information

Single-core, double isolated sheathed cables that can withstand the environmental conditions, andminimise the risk of earth faults and short circuits are used to interconnect the PV strings and arrays. The cable connections are protected in enclosures known as junction box that provides the necessaryconnectors as shown in Figure 10.

Figure 10. Junction Box

Electricity produced by the solar PV installation is in the form of DC. The output of the PV installationis connected through the DC main cables to the DC terminals of the PV inverter where electricity isconverted from DC into AC.

After conversion, the AC current of the PV inverter is connected through PV supply cable to thebuilding’s electrical installation (AC distribution board).

Figure 11 shows a typical PV inverter connected to the electrical installation of a building. Note that the actual configuration of the PV inverter may vary across different systems.

Figure 11. Typical PV inverter connected to a building’selectrical installation

Just like any electrical installation in a building, earthing is an important safety requirement for solar PV system. Arrangement must be made for proper connection of the solar PV system to the consumer’selectrical installation earthing system.

In locations susceptible to lightning strikes, a lightning protection system must be provided, and all the exposed metallic structures of the solar PV system must be bound to the lightning earthing system.

It is the responsibility of the consumers to have their solar PV systems maintained regularly to ensure safe operation of their solar PV systems and electrical installations. See Figure 12 for a diagram showing the solar PV system forming part of a consumer’s electrical installation.

Figure 12. Solar PV system forming part of a consumer’s electrical installation

Solar PV Systems on aBuilding

2.1                          Introduction

There are many examples overseas where PV modules are mounted on the roof and integrated intobuilding façades. They work particularly well in Europe and North America, as south-facing façades inthese regions are well exposed to the sun.

In Singapore, we have to consider that the sun passes almost directly overhead. This is because we are located near the Equator, and the path of the sun follows the Equator, with seasonal variations ofup to 23.5^o to the north or south. Therefore there are optimal positions to locate the PV modules that have to be taken into consideration. Refer to Appendix A for examples of solar PV systems onbuildings in Singapore.

2.2                          Installation Angle

To maximise electricity production for use in Singapore, the best location for the PV modules to be installed is right on top of a building, facing the sky. The possible installation options are shown inFigure 13.

Figure 13. Where to install PV modules on a building in Singapore

Vertical façades and steeply sloped roofs tend to suffer a big loss in the ability to generate electricity inexchange for higher public visibility.

With the PV modules facing the sky, it is possible to improve the yield by installing PV modules on trackers to follow the sun from east to west during the day (single-axis trackers), and from north tosouth during seasonal changes (dual-axis trackers).

However, trackers can only improve system performance under direct sunshine, and they give noadvantage in diffused sunlight conditions, such as on cloudy or hazy days.

The down side of having flat-mounted PV modules is that they tend to get dirty from rain water anddust. See Figure 14. It is therefore better to mount the PV modules at an incline (10-15^o for framed modules, or as little as 3-5^o for unframed modules), to allow rain water to properly drain off

Figure 14. PV module frames trap dirt as water evaporates from a flat-mountedPV module

2.3                         Avoid Shading PV Modules

PV modules should be free from shade. Shading of any single cell of a crystalline silicon PV module willdrastically reduce the output of the entire PV module.

Thin film PV modules are more tolerant to partial shading than crystalline silicon PV modules. Typicalculprits include shadows cast by tall trees and neighbouring buildings.

Chapter 2

SOLAR PV SYSTEMS ON A BUILDING

2.4                          Aesthetic and Creative Approaches in Mounting PV Modules

Besides mounting PV modules on the rooftop, customised PV modules can be integrated into thebuilding façade in a creative, aesthetically pleasing manner. They can be mounted on any part of therooftop or external walls that is well exposed to sunlight

e.g. skylights, cladding, windows, and external shading devices.

They can also be integrated into external structures such as façades and canopies, as shown inFigure 15 and Figure 16, respectively.

Figure 15. BIPV modules integrated into a façade

Figure 16. BIPV modules integrated into a

skylight canopy

2.5                          Solar PV Output Profile

Solar PV only produces electricity when sunlight is available. The output of a solar PV system varies with its rated output, temperature, weather conditions, and time of the day. The power output profileof the PV installation as shown in Figure 17, at a selected test site in Singapore collected over a period from 2002-2004, in terms of its capacity factor2 , shows a high variation of solar PV output.

[2] PV Output capacity factor = Ratio of the actual output of the PV installation at time (t) over its output if it hadoperated at full rated output.

Figure 17. Varying daily power output profile of PV installation at a selectedtest site in Singapore

2.6                         Solar PV Yield

The amount of electricity you are able to generate from a solar PV system depends not only on theavailability of sunshine but also on the technology you choose to install. For example, a typical 10-kW rooftop solar PV system in Singapore would produce about 11,000 to 12,500 kWh annually usingcrystalline PV modules, and 12,000 to 14,500 kWh annually with amorphous silicon thin film PVmodules.

2.7                         Cost of a Solar PV System

The cost of your solar PV system will depend on many factors: system configuration, equipmentoptions, labour cost and financing cost. Prices also vary depending on factors such as whether or not your home is new, and whether the PV modules are integrated into the roof or mounted on the roof. The cost also depends on the system size or rating, and the amount of electricity it produces.

Generally, solar PV systems entail high capital costs. With solar power, you can save on the purchaseof electricity from the grid. But even with these savings, it will take a long time to recover the capitalcost of the solar PV installation. The operating costs for solar PV installations are negligible, but the annual maintenance cost beyond the warranty period may amount to 0.5% to 1% of the capital costof the installation.

Therefore on an overall basis, solar PV-derived electricity is still much more expensive than that fromthe power grid. However, the cost of solar PV has historically been falling by about 4% a year, and if this continues, solar PV may be competitive within the next 10 years. For incentives on solar PVsystem, please refer to Appendix D.

Appointing a SolarPV SystemContractor

3.1                         Introduction

You will need to select a contractor to install your solar PV system. If interested, you may check with the following organisations for some solar PV system designers and contractors:

• The List of Solar PV System companies in Singapore, available from Sustainable Energy Association of Singapore, by calling 6338 8578 or by visiting http://www.seas.org.sg/about-seas/our-committees/cleanenergy/54

• The Singapore Sustainable Development Industry Directory 2008/2009, available from the Singapore Business Federation, by calling 6827 6838 or by visitinghttp://www.sbf.org.sg/public/publications/industrydirectory.jsp

Your contractor will appoint a Licensed Electrical Worker (“LEW”) who will be responsible for the design, installation, testing, commissioning, and maintenance of your solar PV system.

In the case of non-residential electrical installations that require an electrical installation licence, theappointed LEW who supervises the electrical work (“Design LEW”) may not be the one who takescharge of your electrical installation (“Installation LEW”). The Design LEW will then have to work with the Installation LEW to work out the technical issues.

Please refer to Appendix B for details on how you can engage an LEW and the necessary consultationprocess.

3.2                         Getting Started

First, compile a list of potential solar PV system contractors. Next, contact the contractors to find outthe products and services they offer. The following pointers may give consumers a good sense of thecontractor’s capabilities:

Get an experienced and licensed contractor

Experience in installing grid-connected solar PV systems is invaluable, because some elements of the installation process, particularly interconnection with the grid, are unique to these systems. Acontractor with years of experience will also demonstrate an ability to work with consumers, andprice their products and services competitively.

It is also important to get a contractor who is an LEW. Choosingbetween bids

If there are several bids for the installation of a solar PV system (it is generally a good practice toobtain multiple bids), consumers should take steps to ensure that all of the bids received are made on the same basis. Comparing a bid for a solar PV system mounted on the ground againstanother bid for a rooftop system is like comparing apples to oranges.

Bids should clearly state the maximum generating capacity of the solar PV system [measured in watts peak (Wp) or kilowatts peak (kWp)]. If possible, the bids should specify the system capacity in AC watts, or specify the output of the system at the inverter.

Bids should also include the total cost of getting the solar PV system components, includinghardware, software, supporting structure, meter, installation, connection to the grid (if applicable),permitting, goods and services tax, warranty, and future maintenance cost (if applicable).

Solar PV system warranty

A solar PV system is an investment that should last a long time, typically two to three decades forgrid-connected applications. The industry standard for a PV module warranty is 20-25 years on thepower output.

There are two main components to a PV module warranty:

• A workmanship warranty that offers to repair, replace or refund the purchase in case of defects. The period varies from one to as long as ten years, depending on themanufacturer. Two to five years is typical; and

Chapter 3

APPOINTING A SOLAR PV SYSTEM CONTRACTOR

• A limited power output warranty that offers a variety of remedies in case the PV module’soutput under STC drops below certain level. Most manufacturers warrant at least 90% of the minimum rated output for 10 years, and 80% of the minimum rated output for 20-25years. Take note that the minimum rated output is usually defined as 95% of the rated outputto allow for manufacturing and measurement tolerances. See Figure 18 for details.

Figure 18. Understanding a manufacturer’s limited power warranty

Take note that under the limited power warranty, manufacturers seldom offer to replace the PV moduleitself. Rather, at their sole discretion, they may offer to:

• Repair the defective PV modules;

• Supply enough new PV modules to replace the lost power output in a PV array. For example, if your 20kW PV array only produces 16.1kW under STC, six years afterinstallation, the manufacturer may opt to supply you with 1kW of PV modules to make up forthe shortfall; or

• Refund you for the lost power output, after deduction according to the number of years inuse. For a 25-year warranty, the annual deduction is normally 4%. For example, if you findthat your 20kW PV array only produces 16.1kW under STC, six years after installation, the manufacturer may opt to reimburse your purchase price minus 24% (6 years x 4%).

In all cases, the manufacturer does not cover your costs of dismounting, transporting, and reinstalling the PV modules. The warranty also excludes problems resulting from improper installations; repairs,changes or dismounting by unqualified personnel; accidental breakage or abuse; lightning strikes andother acts of God.

Significantly, most manufacturers specify that the PV module output will be determined by the flashtesters in their own premises, rather than by a third party.

The solar PV system contractor should assist in determining whether a PV module defect is coveredby warranty, and should handle the situation with the manufacturer.

Regular maintenance

During the defect liability period (usually for 12 months after installation), solar PV system contractorsusually use remote monitoring data to prepare monthly performance reports of the installed solar PV system. They should come on site to rectify any problems flagged by the remote monitoring service.

Other relevant matters

Another matter to be aware of is that PV module manufacturers are constantly upgrading their products, and adapting new sizes and dimensions to suit market requirements. This means that you may nolonger be able to buy an identical PV module to replace a defective one in your PV array a few years after installation. Newer PV modules are likely to be more efficient or have different physical dimensions, and may no longer fit exactly into the gap left by the old PV module.

This does not matter much on a large, ground-mounted solar PV power plant, because the new modules can form a new row. But on a building-mounted solar PV system it may spoil the aesthetics,and may cause problems to the electrical configuration.

Solar PV SystemInstallationRequirements

4.1                          Electrical Installation Licence

An electrical installation refers to any electrical wiring, fitting or apparatus used for the conveyance and control of electricity in any premises. A solar PV system installed within such premises forms part of the consumer’s electrical installation and should comply with the requirements stipulated in the Electricity Act (Cap. 89A), the Electricity (Electrical Installations) Regulations and the Singapore Standard CP5 Code of Practice for Electrical Installations.

Under the Electricity Act, the Energy Market Authority (“EMA”) licenses all non- residential electrical installations, with demand exceeding 45 kilo volt ampere or kVA. For residential electrical installationsand non-residential electrical installations with demand below the threshold 45kVA, no electricalinstallation licence is required.

The licence requires the owner of the electrical installation to engage an LEW to take charge of the electrical installation and comply with the relevant safety standards and requirements. Your appointed LEW shall consult SP PowerGrid Ltd on their technical requirements and procedures, if you wish to operate your solar PV system in parallel with the power grid. The objective is to ensure all electrical installations, including solar PV systems, are safe to use.

4.2                          Electrical Safety Standards and Requirements

A grid-connected solar PV system operates in parallel with the power grid supply. The power grid supply is considered the source, and the electrical installation with the solar PV system connected isconsidered as the load.

The technical requirement for installation of a solar PV system is given in Section 612 of the SingaporeStandard CP5.

There are international product standards on PV modules and electrical components. For example, PV modules should comply with the requirements of IEC 61215 for crystalline silicon terrestrial PV modules or IEC 61646 for thin-film terrestrial PV modules. In addition, PV array junction box, PV generator junction box and switchgear assemblies should comply with the requirements of IEC 60439-1.

4.3                         Application of Electrical Installation Licence

Your LEW will be able to advise you whether you need to apply to EMA for an Electrical Installation Licence for the use or operation of the electrical installation within the premises of your building.

If an Electrical Installation Licence is needed, your LEW will submit the licence application to EMA on your behalf. If you already have an Electrical Installation Licence issued by EMA, you need not applyfor a separate licence for the solar PV system within the same premises.

The electrical licence fee payable to EMA is $100 per year (exclusive of goods and services tax).

4.4                         Conservation and Development Control Requirements

At present, there is no specific requirement or control by the Urban Redevelopment Authority (“URA”) on the use of installations such as a solar PV system. However, conservation projects, or projectswithin the Central Area are subject to URA’s Urban Design evaluation process.

The standard development control guidelines apply to projects that may not be subject to conservation or urban design requirements, depending on which structure(s) the solar PV system is installed onto. For example, if a solar PV system is installed on the rooftop of an attic, then the attic guidelines will apply. Likewise, if a solar PV system is installed on raised structures like a pavilion,then the pavilion guidelines will apply.

4.5                         Guidelines on Conservation and Development Control

Architects are advised to refer to the conservation and development control guidelines when designing a development with a solar PV system installation. The respective guideline is available atURA’s website:

http://www.ura.gov.sg/conservation/Cons%20Guidelines.pdfhttp://www.ura.gov.sg/circulars/text/dchandbook.html

Should you have further enquiries on whether your installations conflict with the Urban Design orDevelopment Control guidelines, you may submit your enquiries to URA either in person or through a Qualified Person (“QP”) — a QP is either a registered architect or an engineer — with the accompanying plans of the structures on which the solar PV system will be installed:

Conserved buildings

Email: [email protected] Tel: 6329 3355

Non-conserved buildings Email:[email protected] Tel: 6223 4811

SOLAR PV SYSTEM INSTALLATION REQUIREMENTS

Should a formal development application to URA be required, it must be made via a QP. The detailscan be checked at the two web links below:

http://www.boa.gov.sg/register.htmlhttp://www.peb.gov.sg/peb/process/searchPe

4.6                          Structural Safety and Lightning Protection

Structural Safety

To ensure safety, there are measures and steps that need to be taken or considered when installing a solar PV system onto a new or an existing building. For new building developments, the design of the structure must take into consideration the loading of the solar PV system installation, just like any other equipment mounted onto a building structure.

For existing buildings, a professional structural engineer may be required to carry out an inspection ofthe roof structure, and do a calculation on the structural loading. If the roof is unable to withstand the loading of the solar PV system, structural plans will need to be submitted to the Building and Construction Authority (“BCA”) for approval before a building permit can be issued for commencement of installation works. The application guideline is available at the following BCA’swebsite:

http://www.bca.gov.sg/StructuralPlan/structural_plan_application.html LightningProtection

Given a certain location, solar PV systems are exposed to the threat of lightning strikes.

As lightning can cause damage to the PV modules and inverters, extra care must be taken to ensure that proper lightning protection is provided for the solar PV system and the entire structure. The inverters should be protected by appropriately rated surge arrestors on the DC side. It is good practiceto also install surge arrestors on the AC side. Structures and PV module frames must be properlygrounded.

4.7                         Connection to the Power Grid

If a solar PV system is designed to meet only a fraction of the electricity load, the system will need tobe interconnected with the power grid to meet the remainder of the consumer’s needs for electricity.

If a solar PV system needs to be grid-connected, interconnection is key to the safety of bothconsumers and electrical workers, and to the protection of equipment.

4.8                         Get Connected to the Power Grid

If you intend to connect and operate your solar PV system in parallel to the power grid, your appointed LEW will have to consult SP PowerGrid (“SPPG”) on the connection scheme and technicalrequirements.

The following documents set out the detailed consultation process and technical requirements:

• The Transmission Code and the Metering Code are published at EMA’s website:

http://www.ema.gov.sg/media/files/codes_of_practice/electricity/transmission_ code.pdf

http://www.ema.gov.sg/media/files/codes_of_practice/electricity/Metering_ Code.pdf

• SPPG’s handbook, How to Apply for Electricity Connection, is published at SP PowerAsset’swebsite:

http://www.sppowerassets.com.sg/PDF/howtoapply.pdf

4.9                         Sale of Solar PV Electricity

The excess electricity generated from a grid-connected solar PV can be sold back to the power grid.The arrangements needed to enable this sale of solar PV electricity vary, depending on whether youare a contestable or non-contestable consumer.

Consumers are classified, based on their average monthly electricity consumption, into:

• Contestable consumers: These consumers are the non-residential consumers who use more than 10,000 kWh of electricity a month. Contestable consumers have a choice of who they wish to buy their electricity from. They may purchase electricity from a retailer, directly from the wholesale market (provided they are registered with the Energy Market Company as market participants) or indirectly from the wholesale market through SP Services.

• Non-contestable consumers: These consumers comprise all the residential electricity users and non-residential consumers who use less than 10,000 kWh of electricity a month. These consumers aresupplied with electricity by SP Services.

Contestable Consumers

If you are a contestable consumer generating electricity from a solar PV system and wish to sell and get paid for the electricity you inject into the power grid, you will be required to register with the Energy Market Company (“EMC”) to participate in the wholesale electricity market, which is called theNational Electricity Market of Singapore or NEMS.

INSTALLING A SOLAR PV SYSTEM

The flowchart in Figure 19 describes the circumstances under which the Generation Licence orWholesaler (Generation) Licence is required.

Figure 19. Flowchart for Electricity Licences

The application procedures to register as a Market Participant with the EMC and for generation facilityregistration are set out in the Market Manual: Market Administration– Registration and Authorisation,which is available at the EMC website:

http://www.emcsg.com/MarketRules/MarketManuals

As a Market Participant, you will need to comply with the Market Rules, which is available at EMC’swebsite:

http://www.emcsg.com/MarketRules

By selling electricity in the wholesale electricity market, you will be paid the prevailing electricity spotprice for the electricity that you inject into the power grid. The electricity spot price varies every half-hour, depending on the demand-supply situation in the wholesale electricity market.

The market will also offer services and system resources to you, but you will be subjected to marketcharges in respect to the gross generation output from your registered PV system, for the provision ofthe market services and system resources.

INSTALLING A SOLAR PV SYSTEM

The EMC contact is:

Market Administration Team Energy MarketCompany

238A Thomson Road, #11-01 Novena Square Tower A, S307684 Telephone: 67793000

E-mail: [email protected] Non-Contestable Consumers

If you are a non-contestable consumer generating electricity of less than 1 MW and wish to sell and get paid for the electricity you inject into the power grid, you need not apply for a Generation or Wholesaler (Generation ) Licence nor register with the EMC as a market participant. You will have to apply to SP Services (“SPS”) by following the application procedure set out in Appendix B.

Non-contestable consumers are compensated by SPS for electricity exported to the power grid by way of a credit adjustment to the consumer’s monthly electricity bill, based on the prevailing low-tension electricity tariff less the grid charge.

The credit adjustment will effectively compensate the non-contestable consumer for the amount ofelectricity exported into the power grid during that month.

This scheme to compensate non-contestable consumers with generation capacity of less than 1MW for the electricity they export into the power grid is not applicable to those consumers whose electricity consumption is metered under the master-sub metering scheme.

Master-sub metering schemes refer to metering arrangements where there is a master-meter measuring the overall electricity consumed by the building (i.e. both the individual units and thecommon services), with sub-meters measuring the usage of the individual units. Such metering schemes are typically used in private condominiums and commercial buildings.

Under a master-sub metering arrangement, the electricity that an individual unit attempts to export into the grid may in fact be used up by the common services or by other individual units. As it is not possible to track the actual flow of the electricity exported by the individual units, the credit adjustment scheme cannot be applied to those under the master-sub metering scheme.

SOLAR PV SYSTEM INSTALLATION REQUIREMENTS

4.10                    Design and Installation Checklist

You are advised to refer to the following checklist once you have decided to install solar PV system inyour premises.

No.    Design and Installation Checklist                                              Check Box

1                      Set your budget and select a location.

2                       Determine the energy requirement and estimate the size of thesystem.

3                       Perform a site survey for space needed, and access for maintenance.

4                       Engage a licensed electrical worker (“LEW”) if your proposed solar PVsystem:

i)          is to be connected to the electrical installation within thepremises of the building; and /or

ii)        to be connected and operated in parallel to the power grid.

The appointed LEW will be responsible for the design and implementationof the connection of your solar PV system to the electrical installationand/or power grid.

5                      Select a PV module type and mounting method.

6                       Select inverter to match PV array:

i)          Number of inverters needed;

ii)        Select inverter type; and

iii)      Location of inverters (accessible for inspection and maintenance).

7                       Finalise the mounting system.

8                       Ensure there are fixing and mounting points available.

9                       Ensure the structure for mounting is safe:

i)          Additional loading by solar PV system is considered;

ii)        Wind loading is considered; and

iii)      Waterproofing is not compromised during installation.

10                   Ensure solar access:

i)          Ensure location to be mounted will get maximum exposure to sunlight;and

ii)        Choose a location that is not shaded.

SOLAR PV SYSTEM INSTALLATION REQUIREMENTS

No.    Design and Installation Checklist                                              Check Box

11                   Ensure all PV modules connected to the same inverter face thesame direction.

12                   Ensure PV modules are mounted at an incline (10 to 15 degrees for framed modules, or as low as 3-5 degrees for unframed modules) for self-cleaning.

13                   Ensure sufficient ventilation space behind the PV array for coolingpurposes.

14                   Ensure:

i)         Cabling used meet sufficient current-carrying capacity and aresuitably rated for usage in the environment;

ii)       DC cables are single-core and double-insulated; and

iii)      Cable insulation on outdoor cables must withstand high temperature and UV exposure for an estimated period of more than 20 years.

Note that PVC and XLPE cables are inadequate on the DC side and must not beexposed to the weather elements.

15                   Determine if a Lightning Protection System is needed.

16                   Ensure the PV module frame is earthed.

17                   Finalise the Inverter and AC wiring system.

18                   During installation:

i)         PV system should be installed by qualified/experienced installers;

ii)       Safety rules must be observed;

iii)      Installer must wear PPE; and

iv)     Only proper certified safety equipment can be used e.g. scaffolding, stepladders,etc.

19                   Cables must be properly connected, secured, and routed.

20                   Ensure continuity and insulation tests are done.

21                   Completion of testing and system commissioning.

22                   Proper system, documentation/manual handover to clients.

Operations andMaintenance

5.1                          Operations of Solar PV Systems

The most practical indicator of the performance of the solar PV systems can be obtained from the remote monitoring and data logging software supplied by most inverter manufacturers.

The data logging software will record daily, monthly, and annual output for comparison of the actual system performance against the expected system performance. See Figure 20 for typical performancemonitoring displays.

Figure 20. Examples of performance monitoring displays (Courtesy of Phoenix Solar)

Solar PV systems require minimal maintenance, as they do not usually have moving parts. However, routine maintenance is required to ensure the solar PV system will continue to perform properly.

It is a good practice for contractors of solar PV systems to provide an operation & maintenance(“O&M”) manual for the client. The manual should include basic system data, test and commissioningdata, O&M data, and warranty information.

OPERATIONS AND MAINTENANCE

5.2                         Recommended Preventive Maintenance Works

It is recommended that preventive inspection and maintenance works are carried out every six to twelve months. The PV modules require routine visual inspection for signs of damage, dirt build-up or shade encroachment. Solar PV system fixtures must be checked for corrosion. This is to ensure thatthe solar PV system is safely secured.

While the inverter’s functionality can be remotely verified, only on-site inspection can verify the stateof lightning surge arrestors, cable connections, and circuit breakers.

The following table shows some recommendations on the preventive maintenance works on the components and equipment, and the corresponding remedial actions to be carried out by qualifiedpersonnel.

Chapter 5

OPERATIONS AND MAINTENANCE

31

Appendix

A.1                ZERO ENERGY BUILDING @ BCA ACADEMY

Building name                                    :    Zero Energy Building @ BCA Academy

Owner                                               :    Building and Construction Authority (BCA)

Location                                             :    200 Braddell Road, Singapore 579700

Building type                                      :    Academic Institution

Completion                                         :    2009

Working groups

• Project architects                           :    DP Architects Pte Ltd
• Principal investigators                    :    National University of Singapore / SERIS
• Structural engineers                       :    Beca Carter Hollings & Ferner (S. E. Asia) Pte Ltd
• M&E engineers                             :    Beca Carter Hollings & Ferner (S. E. Asia) Pte Ltd
• Quantity surveyor                          :    Davis Langdon & Seah Singapore Pte Ltd
• Contractors                                   :    ACP Construction Pte Ltd
• PV design                                      :    Grenzone Pte Ltd
• PV manufacturer                            :    Various (7 manufacturers)

Type of PV integration                        :    on Metal Roof, Canopy, Louver, Railing, Façade Type of PV celltechnology           :                                                         Various (mc-Si, pc-Si, a-Si, HIT, CIGS)

PV area (m2)                                       :    1,540

PV system peak power (kWp)             :    190 Estimatedenergy output (kWh / yr):                                                         207,000 PV Yield (kWh/ kWp / year)            :                                                         1,090 Photographs and information

courtesy of                                         :    BCA / Grenzone Pte Ltd

Figure A.1.1. Building exterior                      Figure A.1.2. PV array view (PV Sunshade)

Figure A.1.3. PV array view (PV Main Roof)

Figure A.1.4. PV array view (PV Staircase Facade)

Appendix

A.2                POH ERN SHIH (TEMPLE OF THANKSGIVING)

Building name                                    :   POH ERN SHIH (Temple of Thanksgiving)

Owner                                               :   POH ERN SHIH

Location                                            :   9 Chwee Chian Road, Singapore 117488

Building type                                     :   Religious

Completion                                        :   2006 (Phase I) Workinggroups

• Project architects                          :   Lee Coo Consultant Associates
• Structural engineers                      :   KTP Consultants Pte Ltd
• M&E engineers                             :   Squire Mech Pte Ltd
• Quantity surveyor                         :   WT Partnership International Limited
• Contractors                                   :   Wee Hur Construction Pte Ltd
• PV design                                     :   Grenzone Pte Ltd
• PV manufacturer                           :   Uni-Solar, Sharp, Mitsubishi

Type of PV integration                        :   Standing Mounting Structure

Type of PV cell technology                  :   Amorphous Monocrystalline           Polycrystalline

courtesy of                                        :   Grenzone Pte Ltd

Figure A.2.1. Building exterior                               Figure A.2.2. Building interior

Figure A.2.3. PV array view                                  Figure A.2.4. PV array view

Appendix

A.3                313 SOMERSET CENTRAL

Building name                                    :    313 SOMERSET CENTRAL

Owner                                               :    Lend Lease Retail Investment 1 Pte Ltd

Location                                            :    313 Orchard Road, Singapore 238895

Building type                                      :    Shopping Mall

Completion                                        :    2009

Working groups

• Project architects                          :    Aedas Pte Ltd
• Structural engineers                      :    Meinhardt Infrastructure Pte Ltd
• M&E engineers                             :    Bescon Consulting Engineers Pte Ltd
• Quantity surveyor                          :    WT Partnership Pte Ltd
• Contractors                                   :    Bovis Lend Lease Pte Ltd
• PV design                                     :    Grenzone Pte Ltd
• PV manufacturer                           :    Various (4 manufacturers)

Type of PV integration                        :    on Trellis and Metal Roof

Type of PV cell technology                  :    Monocrystalline, Polycrystalline, Micromorph PV area(m2)            :           587

PV system peak power (kWp)             :    76 Estimatedenergy output (kWh / year):                                                         87,381 PV Yield (kWh/ kWp / year)  :           1,150

Photographs and information

courtesy of                                        :    Bovis Lend Lease

Figure A.3.1. Building exterior

Architect’s Impression of Somerset Central viewed from Orchard Road

Figure A.3.2. Building exterior

Appendix

A.4               SENTOSA COVE

Building name                                    :    Private

Owner                                               :    Private

Location                                             :    Sentosa Cove, Singapore

Building type                                      :    Two-storey bungalow with basement

Completion                                         :    July 2008

Working groups

• Project architects                           :    Guz Architects
• M&E consultant                             :    Herizal Fitri Pte Ltd
• PV design                                      :    Phoenix Solar Pte Ltd
• Main contractors                           :    Sunho Construction Pte Ltd
• Roofing contractor                              Sheet Metal International
  • PV manufacturer                           :    Uni-Solar

Type of PV integration                         :    Glued onto approved Fazonal metal roof Type of PVcell technology         :                                                         Flexible amorphous silicon

PV area (m2)                                       :    92

PV system peak power (kWp)              : 5.712 Estimated energy output kWh / yr)   :   7,100 PV Yield (kWh / kWp /yr)            : 1,250

Photographs and information              :   Phoenix Solar Pte Ltd,

courtesy of                                             Guz Architects, and Sheet Metal International

Figure A.4.1.

Twin curved roofs, green grassand PV

Appendix

A.5               MARINA BARRAGE

Building name                                    :    Marina Barrage

Owner                                               :    PUB, Singapore’s national water agency

Location                                             :    Singapore

Building type                                      :    Flood Control

Completion                                         :    2008

Working groups

• Project architects                           :    Architects Team 3 Pte Ltd
• Structural engineers                       :    Koh Brothers Building & Civil Engineering

Contractor (Pte) Ltd

• PV design                                      :    Renewpowers Technologies Pte Ltd
• Building services                           :    Cegelec Pte Ltd
  • Contractors                                   :    Koh Brothers Building & Civil Engineering Contractor(Pte) Ltd
  • PV manufacturer                            :    SolarWorld Asia Pacific Pte Ltd

Type of PV integration                         :    Roof Top

Type of PV cell technology                  :    Monocrystalline silicon PV area(m2)        :           1200

PV system peak power (kWp)              :    70 Estimatedenergy output (kWh / yr)   :                                                         76,650 PV Yield (kWh/ kWp/ yr)      :           1,095

Photographs and information

courtesy of                                        :    PUB, Singapore’s national water agency

Marina Barrage spans the mouth of the Marina Channel, creating Singapore’s 15th reservoir, and itsfirst in the city.

The barrage creates a freshwater lake to boost Singapore’s water supply, acts as a tidal barrier to prevent flooding in low-lying city areas, and keeps the water level consistent, offering a venue forwater-based activities in the heart of the city.

But more than an engineering showpiece, the barrage exemplifies the national water agency’scommitment towards environmental and water sustainability.

One of Singapore’s largest commissioned solar PV system at a single site to date, Marina Barrage’s solar park houses one of the largest collection of solar panels – 405 panels in all – currently in operation in Singapore. Its 70kWp DC grid-tied solar PV system is the first to be employed on such alarge scale locally, and it comes with aesthetically arranged solar panels (panels are arranged in nine arrays of 15 by three panels) on the barrage’s green roof.

The solar panels generate 50% of utilitygrade electricity for lighting and generalpower in the visitor centre, control room and offices. The environmentally-friendly grid- tied solar PV system does not require batteries, hence eliminating the costs forbattery replacement.

Figure A.5.1. Aerial view of MarinaBarrage

Figure A.5.2. Marina Barrage Solar Park

Appendix

A.6                LONZA BIOLOGICS

Building name                                    :   LBXS2

Owner                                               :   Lonza Biologics Tuas Pte Ltd

Location                                             :   Tuas, Singapore

Building type                                      :   Biotech factory and laboratory

Completion                                        :   May 2009

Working groups

• Project architects                          :   RSP Architects Planners & Engineers Pte Ltd
• M&E engineers                             :   Jacobs Engineering Singapore Pte Ltd
• PV design                                     :   Phoenix Solar Pte Ltd
• Contractors                                   :   Bovis Lend Lease Pharmaceutical Pte Ltd
  • PV manufacturer                           :   REC (framed modules) and Solar-Fabrik (frameless laminates)

Type of PV integration                        :   Roof mounted on Bluescope Lysaght KlipLok metal roof Type of PV celltechnology           :                                                         Polycrystalline silicon

PV area (m2)                                      :   1,330

PV system peak power (kWp)             :   181 Estimated energyoutput (kWh/yr)   :                                                         217,000 PV Yield (kWh/kWp/yr)       :           1,200

Photographs and information              :   Phoenix Solar Pte Ltd

courtesy of                                             and Lonza Biologics Tuas Pte Ltd

Figure A.6.1. Building exterior (Rendering by RSP Architects Planners & Engineers Pte Ltd)

Figure A.6.2. Modules installed on the 6o-16o slope

Figure A.6.3. Installing the REC modules

Appendix

A.7                ZERO ENERGY HOUSE

Building name                                    :   Zero Energy House

Owner                                                :   Private

Location                                             :   District 15, Singapore

Building type                                      :   Residential, 21/2-storey semi-detached house

Completion (renovation)                      :   April 2008 Workinggroups

• Project architects                           :   Art & Architecture Collaborative
• Structural engineers                       :   Portwood & Associates
• PV design                                      :   Phoenix Solar Pte Ltd
• Contractors                                   :   MCL Construction & Engineering Pte Ltd
• PV manufacturer                            :   Mitsubishi Heavy Industries and Phoenix Solar

Type of PV integration                         :   Roof mounted on metal roof

Type of PV cell technology                  :   amorphous silicon and micromorph silicon thin films PV area (m2):           120

PV system peak power (kWp)              :   8.58 Estimatedenergy output(kWh/year)                                                         :   12,000PV Yield (kWh/kWp/yr)    :           1,400

Photographs and information

courtesy of                                         :   Phoenix Solar Pte Ltd

Figure A.7.1. Building roof with two types of PV module

Figure A.7.2. West roof flank with micromorph PV modules

Appendix

A.8                TAMPINES GRANDE

Building name                                    :   Tampines Grande

Owner                                               :   City Developments Ltd

Location                                             :   Tampines, Singapore

Building type                                      :   Office building

Completion                                        :   May 2009

Working groups

• Project architects                          :   Architects 61 Pte Ltd
• M&E engineers                             :   Conteem Engineers Pte Ltd
• PV design                                     :   Phoenix Solar Pte Ltd
• Contractors                                   :   Dragages Singapore Pte Ltd / BYME Singapore
• PV manufacturer                           :   Suntech (rooftop) and Schott Solar (BIPV) Type of PVintegration :           Roof mounted and Building Integrated façade

Type of PV cell technology                  :   Monocrystalline silicon and amorphous silicon thin film BIPV PV area (m2):           934

PV system peak power (kWp)             :   107 Estimated energyoutput (kWh/yr)   :                                                         120,000 PV Yield (kWh/kWp/yr)       :           1,200

Photographs and information              :   Phoenix Solar Pte Ltd courtesyof                     and City Developments Ltd

Figure A.8.1. 6kWp BIPV façade on Tower 2

Figure A.8.2. Partially completed PV array               Figure A.8.3. Aerial view of both towers

Appendix

A.9               HDB APARTMENT BLOCKS

AT SERANGOON NORTH PRECINCT

Building Name                                    :    HDB Apartment Blocks at Serangoon North Precinct

Owner                                               :    Ang Mo Kio- Yio Chu Kang Town Council

Location                                             :    Serangoon North Avenue 3 Block 548 to 554 and 550A(Multi-storey Carpark)

Building type                                      :    Residential

Completion                                         :    2008

Working groups

• Contractors                                   :    King Wan Construction Pte Ltd & AsiaticEngineering Pte Ltd
• PV manufacturer                            :    Sunset Energietechnik GmbH

Type of PV integration                         :    Roof top

Type of PV cell technology                  :    Mono-crystalline silicon Precinct PVarea (m2)      :           667.61

Precinct PV system peak power (kWp):    75.75 Estimatedenergy output (kWh /yr)                                                         :    80,300 PV Yield(kWh / kWp/yr)  :           1,060

PV Photographs and information

courtesy of                                         :    HDB

AT SERANGOON NORTH PRECINCT

Figure A.9.1. Typical rooftop PV array layout at Serangoon North Precinct

Appendix

A.10      HDB APARTMENT BLOCKS

AT WELLINGTON CIRCLE PRECINCT

Building Name                                    :    HDB Apartment Blocks at Wellington Circle Precinct

Owner                                               :    Sembawang Town Council

Location                                             :    Wellington Circle 508A-C, 509A-B, 510A-B & 508 (MSCP)

Building type                                      :    Residential

Completion                                         :    2008

Working groups

• Contractors                                   :    King Wan Construction Pte Ltd & AsiaticEngineering Pte Ltd
• PV manufacturer                            :    Sunset Energietechnik GmbH

Type of PV integration                        :    Roof top

Type of PV cell technology                  :    Mono-crystalline silicon Precinct PVarea (m2)      :           667.61

Precinct PV system peak power (kWp):    75.75 Estimatedenergy output (kWh /yr)                                                         :    80,300 PV Yield(kWh / kWp/ yr) :           1,060

Photographs and information

courtesy of                                         :    HDB

AT WELLINGTON CIRCLE PRECINCT

Figure A.10.1. Typical rooftop PV array layout at Wellington Circle Precinct

Appendix

B.     ENGAGING A LICENSEDELECTRICAL WORKER

1.                       Engaging a Licensed Electrical Worker (LEW)

1.1              There are three classes of LEWs: Licensed Electrician, Licensed Electrical Technician, and LicensedElectrical Engineer. The various classes of LEWs are authorised to design, install, repair, maintain,operate, inspect and test electrical installations according to the conditions stated below:

1.2            The Singapore Standard for electrical safety applicable to solar PV Systems is set out in the Code of Practice for Electrical Installations (Singapore Standard CP5:2008), which is published by SPRINGSingapore. The LEW whom you appoint to carry out or supervise the electrical works associated with your PV system will be responsible for the compliance with the relevant safety standards andrequirements.

1.3              You can search for LEWs and their contact particulars at the following EMA website:http://elise.ema.gov.sg

1.4              For enquiries on LEWs, you can contact EMA’s Electricity Inspectorate Branch at: Tel: 68358060

Email: [email protected]

Appendix B.1

ENGAGING A LICENSED ELECTRICAL WORKER

2       Guide for consumers – Installation of Solar PV Systems

Appendix

C.1  CONTACT INFORMATION

For enquiries on the following matters pertaining to Solar PV systems, please contact:

(1)        Buildings issues                                 Building And Construction Authority (BCA)

Email: [email protected]

Tel: 1800-3425222 (1800-DIAL BCA)

(2)        Development Planning Control           Urban Redevelopment Authority (URA)

–   Conserved Buildings                        Building Conservation

Email: [email protected] Tel: 63293355

(3)        Development Planning Control           Urban Redevelopment Authority (URA)

–   Non-conserved Buildings                 Non-conserved buildings

Email: [email protected] Tel: 62234811

(4)        Electricity Generation Licences           Energy Market Authority (EMA)

Economic Regulation & Licensing Department Email:[email protected]

Tel: 6835 8000

(5)        Licensed Electrical Workers                Energy Market Authority (EMA)

(“LEWs”)                                           Electricity Inspectorate Branch Email: [email protected] Tel: 6835 8060

(6)        Electricity market rules,                      Energy Market Company (EMC)

market registration process,               Market Administration Team

and market charges                           Email: [email protected] Tel: 6779 3000

(7)        Connection to the power grid             SP Services Ltd (SPS)

Email: [email protected] Tel: 68238283 / 6823 8284

(8)        Connection to the power grid             SP PowerGrid Ltd (SPPG)

Email: [email protected] Tel: 6823 8572

Appendix

D.1                SOLAR CAPABILITY SCHEME (SCS)

The Economic Development Board (EDB) unveiled the Solar Capability Scheme to spur demand and build up expertise for this young but growing field. The scheme – the latest by Clean Energy Programme Office (CEPO) – seeks to strengthen critical capabilities of companies engaged in activities such as engineering, architecture andsystem integration through increased implementation of solar energy technologies bylead users in Singapore.

Agency                  :   EDB

Quantum               :   $20 Million (Overall); $1 Million per project or up to 40% of total capital costof solar technology.

Target Group         :   Engineering;

Architecture;

System Integration

(With implementation of solar energy technologies)

For Reading           :   http://www.edb.gov.sg/edb/sg/en_uk/index/news/articles/cepo_launches_solar.html

http://www.edb.gov.sg/edb/sg/en_uk/index/news/articles/ Award_Ceremony_for_Solar_Testbeds.html

For Details             :   http://www.edb.gov.sg/etc/medialib/downloads/industries.

Par.98811.File.tmp/Solar%20Capability%20Scheme%20Factsheet.pdf

Appendix

D.2                MARKET DEVELOPMENT FUND (MDF)

The MDF seeks to incentivise the use of clean and renewable energy resources among non-residential consumers and developers by offsetting the market charges and related costs associated with selling clean and renewable energy into the power grid. This will help to promote energy efficiency as well as help in the market integration of innovative clean and renewable energy resources.

Agency                  :    Energy Market Authority (EMA)

Quantum              : $5 million; $50,000 over a span of 5 years or 90% of incurred market chargesfor approved projects, whichever is lower.

Target Group : Non-residential consumers and developers who choose to sell excess electricity generated from clean and renewable energy technologies to the power grid.

For Details             :    http://www.ema.gov.sg/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=125&Itemid=141

Appendix

D.3                GREEN MARK SCHEME

The Green Mark Scheme was launched to promote environmental awareness in the construction and real estate sectors. It is a benchmarking scheme that aims to achieve a sustainable built environment by incorporating best practices in environmental design and construction, and the adoption of green buildingtechnologies.

Agency                  :    Building and Construction Authority (BCA)

Target Group         :    Developers

Designers Builders

For Reading           :    http://www.greenmark.sg

http://www.bca.gov.sg/GreenMark/green_mark_buildings.html                       For Details            :                            http://www.bca.gov.sg/greenmark/others/gmtc.pdf

Appendix

D.4               GREEN MARK GROSS FLOOR AREA(GM-GFA) INCENTIVE SCHEME

To encourage the private sector to develop buildings that attain higher tier Green Mark ratings (i.e. Green Mark Platinum or Green Mark GoldPLUS), BCA and the Urban Redevelopment Authority (URA) have introduced a set of Gross Floor Area(GFA) incentives on 29 Apr 2009. For developments attaining Green Mark Platinum or GoldPLUS, URA will grant additional floor area over and above the Master PlanGross Plot Ratio (GPR) control.

Agency                  :    BCA and URA

Target Group         :    All new private developments, redevelopments and

reconstruction developments submitted on or after the effective date.

For Details             :    http://www.bca.gov.sg/GreenMark/gmgfa.html

Appendix

D.5                $100 MILLION GREEN MARK INCENTIVESCHEME FOR EXISTING BUILDINGS (GMIS-EB)

The GMIS-EB aims to encourage private building owners of existing buildings to undertake improvements and/or retrofits to achieve substantial improvement in energy efficiency. It provides a cash incentive that co- funds up to 35% (capped at$1.5 million) of the upgrading/retrofitting costs for energy efficiency improvement in their existing buildings.

Agency                  :   BCA

Target Group         :   Building owners/developers of private existing non-

residential developments that is centrally air-conditioned, with gross floor area of 2,000 sqm above e.g. energy intensive buildings such asshopping malls, hotels, office buildings, hospitals, and other centrally air-conditioned buildings.

For Details             :   http://www.bca.gov.sg/GreenMark/gmiseb.html

Appendix

D.6               ENHANCED $20 MILLION GREENMARK INCENTIVE SCHEME FOR NEWBUILDINGS (GMIS-NB)

The GMIS-NB is to help accelerate the adoption of environmentally- friendlygreen building technologies and building design practices. The enhancedscheme offers cash incentives.

Agency                  :    BCA

Target Group         :    Developers, building owners, project architects and M&E engineers whomake efforts to achieve at least a BCA Green Mark Gold rating or higher in the design and construction of new buildings.

For Details             :    http://www.bca.gov.sg/GreenMark/GMIS.html

Disclaimer

Energy Market Authority 991G Alexandra Road, #01-29 Singapore 119975

Tel: (65) 6835 8000

Fax: (65) 6835 8020

Building and Construction Authority 5 Maxwell Road

#16-00 Tower Block MND Complex Singapore 069110

Main Line: 1800-3425222 (1800-DIAL BCA)