ENERGY CONSERVATION
BUILDING CODE
2006
The Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC) 2006 has been developed by the International Institute for Energy Conservation (IIEC) under contract with the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) as a part of the Energy Conservation and Commercialization (ECO) Project providing support to the Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) Action Plan.
US Agency for International Development
International Institute for Energy Conservation
Energy Conservation Building Code - Project Team
Tanmay Tathagat, IIEC, Project Manager
- Alpana Jain, IIEC • Joe Derringer, TDG
- Charles Eley, AEC • John Armstrong, PA Consulting
- Charlie Yu, AEC • John Hogan
- G C Modgil, ISHRAE • Mark Hydeman, Taylor Engineering
- H.S. Mamak, Renaissance • T R Pai, Thorn Lighting
- Jim Benya, Benya Lighting Design • Tianzhen Hong, AEC
Supported by
- Deepak Gahlowt, CCPS • Dharminder Singh, DSCL
- Dolly Jain, IIEC • Anand Jain, AIFGMA
- Sachin Malik
Energy Conservation Building Code - Committee of Experts
Dr. N. K. Bansal, Chair
- Abdul Bengali • Monsingh Devadas
- Anil Misra • N. Puri
- Ashok Kumar • N.K. Garg
- Atul Saxena • P. Krishan
- Bhavani Prasad • P.S Chaddha
- Dipak Khandare • Pradeep Kumar
- G.C. Datta Roy • S.C. Mullick
- I.C. Sharma • S.R. Choudhary
- K.K. Trivedi • Sanjay Dube
- K.K. Chakarvati • S.S. Talwar
- K.K. Mitra • Sanjay Prakash
- Kunwar Narayan • Satish Sabharwal
- M.M Pande • Subhasis Neogi
- Manish Srivastava • Sukesh Kakkar
- Mili Majumdar • Sunil Bajaj
- Manoj Chandel • T.H. Teckchandani
Energy Conservation Building Code - Contributing Organizations
- All India Flat Glass Manufacturers Association (AIFGMA)
- Builders Association of India (BAI)
- Building Materials and Technology Promotion Council (BMTPC)
- Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS)
- Carrier Aircon Limited
- Central Building Research Institute, Roorkee (CBRI)
- Central Public Works Department (CPWD)
- Confederation of Construction Products and Services (CCPS)
- Confederation of Indian Industry (CII)
- Council Of Architects (COA)
- Devi Ahilya Vishwa Vidyalaya, Indore
- DSCL Energy Services
- Electric Lamp and Component Manufacturers Association of India (ELCOMA)
- Indian Buildings Congress (IBC)
- Indian Institute of Architects (IIA)
- Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi (IIT-Delhi)
- Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee (IIT- Roorkee)
- International Copper Promotion Council, India (ICPCI)
- Indian Society of Heating Refrigeration and Air-conditioning Engineers (ISHRAE)
- Lloyd Insulations (India) Limited
- Maharashtra Energy Development Agency, Pune (MEDA)
- Saint-Gobain Glass India Ltd.
- School of Architecture and Planning. Chennai (SAP)
- School of Building Science and Technology, C.E.P.T.
- Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University
- Solar Energy Society of India (SESI)
- The Energy Resource Institute (TERI)
- UP Twiga Fiberglass Limited
Acknowledgment
The Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC) is a result of exceptional teamwork. The members of the IIEC team, the Committee of Experts (COE), and independent experts worked closely to develop a comprehensive ECBC. IIEC acknowledges the team members from PA Consulting, The Deringer Group, Architecture Energy Corporation, and Benya Lighting Design. The ECBC depends on the background research and market data collected and collated with help from CCPS, DSCL and all members of the COE. Mr. John Hogan reviewed the ECBC drafts and helped in shaping up the final document. Mr. G. C. Modgil, Mr. H. S. Mamak, Mr. T. R. Pai, Mr. Deepak Gahlowt, Mr. G. C. Datta Roy helped in developing the technical sections of the ECBC and provided detailed reviews of the drafts.
Mr. R. V. Shahi, Secretary (Power) guided this first Indian ECBC. Constant encouragement by Mr. V. S. Verma, DG, BEE, with his keen insight into energy efficiency potential in buildings, ensured a technical rigor in the ECBC development methodology. Mr. Gireesh Pradhan, JS (EC), MOP, provided valuable guidance to ensure that ECBC is written for effective implementation.
Mr. S. Padmanaban, Sr. Advisor and Dr. (Ms.) Archana Walia, Program Manager, of USAID provided constant support and guidance to the program. Their resolute support ensured that the ECBC development process could respond to the challenges of developing a comprehensive ECBC in such a short timeframe.
Special thanks are due to the members of COE, especially Mr. Sanjay Prakash, Mr. Bhavani Prasad, Mr. P. Krishan, Mr. A. B. Lal, Ms. Mili Majumdar, Mr. Pradeep Kumar, and Mr. Anand Jain for their detailed inputs into the ECBC development as well as subsequent reviews and revisions of the draft.
1. Purpose
The purpose of this code is to provide minimum requirements for the energy-efficient design and construction of buildings.
2. Scope
The code is mandatory for commercial buildings or building complexes that have a connected load of 500 kW or greater or a contract demand of 600 kVA or greater. The code is also applicable to all buildings with a conditioned floor area of 1,000 m2 (10,000 ft2) or greater.
The code is recommended for all other buildings.
2.1 Applicable Building Systems
The provisions of this code apply to:
(a) Building envelopes, except for unconditioned storage spaces or warehouses,
(b) Mechanical systems and equipment, including heating, ventilating, and air conditioning,
(c) Service hot water heating,
(d) Interior and exterior lighting, and
(e) Electrical power and motors.
2.2 Exemptions
The provisions of this code do not apply to:
(a) Buildings that do not use either electricity or fossil fuel,
(b) Equipment and portions of building systems that use energy primarily for manufacturing processes, and
(c) Multi-family buildings of three or fewer stories above grade, and single-family buildings.
2.3 Safety, Health and Environmental Codes Take Precedence
Where this code is found to conflict with safety, health, or environmental codes, the safety, health, or environmental codes shall take precedence.
3. Administration and Enforcement
3.1 Compliance Requirements
3.1.1 Mandatory Requirements
Compliance with the requirements of this energy code shall be mandatory for all applicable buildings discussed in §2.
3.1.2 New Buildings
New buildings shall comply with either the provisions of §4 through §8 of this code or the Energy Budget Method of §10.
3.1.3 Additions to Existing Buildings
Where the addition plus the existing building exceeds the conditioned floor area threshold of
§2, additions shall comply with the provisions of §4 through §8. Compliance may be demonstrated in either of the following ways:
(a) The addition alone shall comply with the applicable requirements, or
(b) The addition, together with the entire existing building, shall comply with the requirements of this code that would apply to the entire building, as if it were a new building.
Exception to § 3.1.3: When space conditioning is provided by existing systems and equipment, the existing systems and equipment need not comply with this code. However, any new equipment installed must comply with specific requirements applicable to that equipment.
3.1.4 Alterations to Existing Buildings
Where the existing building exceeds the conditioned floor area threshold in §2, portions of a building and its systems that are being altered shall meet the provisions of §4 through §8. The specific requirements for alterations are described in the following subsections.
Exception to § 3.1.4: When the entire building complies with all of the provisions of §4 through §8 as if it were a new building.
3.1.4.1 Building Envelope
Alterations to the building envelope shall comply with the requirements of §4 for fenestration, insulation, and air leakage applicable to the portions of the buildings and its systems being altered.
Exception to § 3.1.4.1: The following alterations need not comply with these requirements provided such alterations do not increase the energy usage of the building:
(a) Replacement of glass in an existing sash and frame, provided the U-factor and SHGC of the replacement glazing are equal to or lower than the existing glazing,
(b) Modifications to roof/ceiling, wall, or floor cavities, which are insulated to full depth with insulation, and
(c) Modifications to walls and floors without cavities and where no new cavities are created.
3.1.4.2 Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning
Alterations to building heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning equipment or systems shall comply with the requirements of §5 applicable to the portions of the building and its systems being altered. Any new equipment or control devices installed in conjunction with the alteration shall comply with the specific requirements applicable to that equipment or control device.
3.1.4.3 Service Water Heating
Alterations to building service water heating equipment or systems shall comply with the requirements of § 6 applicable to the portions of the building and its systems being altered. Any new equipment or control devices installed in conjunction with the alteration shall comply with the specific requirements applicable to that equipment or control device.
3.1.4.4 Lighting
Alterations to building lighting equipment or systems shall comply with the requirements of § 7 applicable to the portions of the building and its systems being altered. New lighting systems, including controls, installed in an existing building and any change of building area type as listed in Table 7.3.1 shall be considered an alteration. Any new equipment or control devices installed in conjunction with the alteration shall comply with the specific requirements applicable to that equipment or control device.
Exception to § 3.1.4.4: Alterations that replace less than 50% of the luminaires in a space need not comply with these requirements provided such alterations do not increase the connected lighting load.
3.1.4.5 Electric Power and Motors
Alterations to building electric power systems and motor shall comply with the requirements of § 8 applicable to the portions of the building and its systems being altered. Any new equipment or control devices installed in conjunction with the alteration shall comply with the specific requirements applicable to that equipment or control device.
3.2 Compliance Approaches
The building shall comply with the mandatory provisions (§ 4.2, § 5.2, § 6.2, § 7.2, and § 8.2) and either of the
(a) Prescriptive Method (§ 4.3, § 5.3, § 7.3 and § 7.4), or Exception to § 3.2(a): The envelope trade-off option of § 4.4 may be used in place of the prescriptive criteria of § 4.3.
(b) Energy Budget Method (Appendix 10).
3.3 Administrative Requirements
Administrative requirements relating to permit requirements, enforcement, interpretations, claims of exemption, approved calculation methods, and rights of appeal are specified by the authority having jurisdiction.
3.4 Compliance Documents
3.4.1 General
Plans and specifications shall show all pertinent data and features of the building, equipment, and systems in sufficient detail to permit the authority having jurisdiction to verify that the building complies with the requirements of this code. Details shall include, but are not limited to:
(a) Building Envelope: insulation materials and their R-values; fenestration U-factors, solar heat gain coefficients (SHGC), visible light transmittance (if the trade-off procedure is used), and air leakage; overhangs and sidefins, building envelope sealing details;
(b) Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning: system and equipment types, sizes, efficiencies, and controls; economizers; variable speed drives; piping insulation; duct sealing, insulation and location; requirement for balance report;
(c) Service Hot Water and Pumping: solar water heating system;
(d) Lighting: lighting schedule showing type, number, and wattage of lamps and ballasts; automatic lighting shutoff, occupancy sensors, and other lighting controls; lamp efficacy for exterior lamps;
(e) Electrical Power: electric schedule showing transformer losses, motor efficiencies, and power factor correction devices; electric check metering and monitoring system.
3.4.2 Supplemental Information
The authority having jurisdiction may require supplemental information necessary to verify compliance with this code, such as calculations, worksheets, compliance forms, manufacturer’s literature, or other data.
4. Envelope
4.1 General
The building envelope shall comply with the mandatory provisions of § 4.2 and either the prescriptive criteria of § 4.3 or the trade-off option of § 4.4.
4.2 Mandatory Requirements
4.2.1 Fenestration
4.2.1.1 U-factors
U-factors shall be determined for the overall fenestration product (including the sash and frame) in accordance with ISO-15099, as specified in Appendix 12, by an accredited independent laboratory, and labeled and certified by the manufacturer or other responsible party. U-factors for sloped glazing and skylights shall be determined at a slope of 20 degrees above the horizontal. For unrated products, use the default table in Appendix 12.
4.2.1.2 Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC)
SHGC shall be determined for the overall fenestration product (including the sash and frame) in accordance with ISO-15099, as specified in Appendix 12, by an accredited independent laboratory, and labeled and certified by the manufacturer or other responsible party.
Exceptions to § 4.2.1.2:
(a) Shading coefficient (SC) of the center glass alone multiplied by 0.86 is an acceptable alternate for compliance with the SHGC requirements for the overall fenestration area.
(b) Solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC) of the glass alone is an acceptable alternate for compliance with the SHGC requirements for the overall fenestration product.
4.2.1.3 Air Leakage
Air leakage for glazed swinging entrance doors and revolving doors shall not exceed 5.0 l/s- m2. Air leakage for other fenestration and doors shall not exceed 2.0 l/s-m2.
4.2.2 Opaque Construction
U-factors shall be determined from the default tables in Appendix 12 or determined from data or procedures contained in the ASHRAE Fundamentals, 2005.
4.2.3 Building Envelope Sealing
The following areas of the enclosed building envelope shall be sealed, caulked, gasketed, or weather-stripped to minimize air leakage:
(a) Joints around fenestration and door frames,
(b) Openings between walls and foundations and between walls and roof and wall panels,
(c) Openings at penetrations of utility services through, roofs, walls, and floors
(d) Site-built fenestration and doors,
(e) Building assemblies used as ducts or plenums, and
(f) All other openings in the building envelope.
4.3 Prescriptive Requirements
4.3.1 Roofs
Roofs shall comply with either the maximum assembly U-factor or the minimum insulation R- value in Table 4.3.1. R-value is for the insulation alone and does not include building materials or air films. The roof insulation shall not be located on a suspended ceiling with removable ceiling panels.
Table 4.3.1 Roof assembly U-factor and Insulation R-value Requirements*
Climate Zone | 24-Hour use buildings Hospitals, Hotels, Call Centers etc. | Daytime use buildings Other Building Types |
| Maximum U-factor of the overall Minimum R-value of | Maximum U-factor of the Minimum R-value |
| assembly insulation alone | overall assembly of insulation alone |
| (W/m2-°C) (m2-°C/W) | (W/m2-°C) (m2-°C/W) |
Composite | U-0.261 R-3.5 | U-0.409 R-2.1 |
Hot and Dry | U-0.261 R-3.5 | U-0.409 R-2.1 |
Warm and Humid | U-0.261 R-3.5 | U-0.409 R-2.1 |
Moderate | U-0.409 R-2.1 | U-0.409 R-2.1 |
Cold | U-0.261 R-3.5 | U-0.409 R-2.1 |
*See Appendix 12.3 for typical complying roof constructions.
4.3.1.1 Cool Roofs
Roofs with slopes less than 20 degrees shall have an initial solar reflectance of no less than
0.70 and an initial emittance no less than 0.75. Solar reflectance shall be determined in accordance with ASTM E903-96 and emittance shall be determined in accordance with ASTM E408-71 (RA 1996).
4.3.2 Opaque Walls
Opaque walls shall comply with either the maximum assembly U-factor or the minimum insulation R-value in Table 4.3.2. R-value is for the insulation alone and does not include building materials or air films.
Table 4.3.2 Opaque Wall Assembly U-factor and Insulation R-value Requirements
Climate Zone | Hospitals, Hotels, Call Centers (24-Hour) | Other Building Types (Daytime) |
| Maximum U-factor of the overall Minimum R-value of | Maximum U-factor of the Minimum R-value |
| assembly insulation alone | overall assembly of insulation alone |
| (W/m2-°C) (m2-°C/W) | (W/m2-°C) (m2-°C/W) |
Composite | U-0.352 R-2.35 | U-0.352 R-2.35 |
Hot and Dry | U-0.369 R-2.20 | U-0.352 R-2.35 |
Warm and Humid | U-0.352 R-2.35 | U-0.352 R-2.35 |
Moderate | U-0.431 R-1.80 | U-0.397 R-2.00 |
Cold | U-0.369 R-2.20 | U-0.352 R-2.35 |
See Appendix 12.4 for typical complying wall constructions.
Exception to § 4.3.2: Until December 31, 2007, the wall assembly U-factor is allowed to be U-
0.440 maximum or insulation R-2.10 minimum
4.3.3 Vertical Fenestration
Vertical fenestration shall comply with the maximum area weighted U-factor and maximum area weighted SHGC requirements of Table 4.3.3-1. Vertical fenestration area is limited to a maximum of 40% of the gross wall area for the prescriptive requirement.
Table 4.3.3-1 Vertical Fenestration U-factor and SHGC Requirements (U-factor in W/m2-°C)
Climate | Maximum U-factor | Maximum SHGC |
Composite | 3.177 | 0.25 |
Hot and Dry | 3.177 | 0.25 |
Warm and Humid | 3.177 | 0.25 |
Moderate | 6.922 | 0.40 |
Cold | 4.085 | 0.51 |
See Appendix 12.2.1 for typical complying vertical fenestration constructions.
Exception to § 4.3.3: Overhangs and/or side fins may be applied in determining the SHGC for the proposed design. An adjusted SHGC, accounting for overhangs and/or sidefins, is calculated by multiplying the SHGC of the unshaded fenestration product times a multiplication (M) factor. If this exception is applied, a separate M Factor shall be determined for each orientation and unique shading condition.
Table 4.3.3-2 SHGC “M” Factor Adjustments for Overhangs and Fins
Project
Location Orientation
0.25-
0.49
-0.50
- 0.74
0.75
- 0.99
1.00
+
0.25
- 0.49
0.50
- 0.74
0.75
- 0.99
1.00
+
0.25 - 0.49
0.50 - 0.74
0.75 - 0.99
1.00
+
North latitude 15°
N .88 .80 .76 .73 .74 .67 .58 .52 .64 .51 .39 .31
E/W .79 .65 .56 .50 .80 .72 .65 .60 .60 .39 .24 .16
or greater
S .79 .64 .52 .43 .79 .69 .60 .56 .60 .33 .10 .02
Less than 15° North
N .83 .74 .69 .66 .73 .65 .57 .50 .59 .44 .32 .23
E/W .80 .67 .59 .53 .80 .72 .63 .58 .61 .41 .26 .16
latitude
S .78 .62 .55 .50 .74 .65 .57 .50 .53 .30 .12 .04
Exception to SHGC Requirements in § 4.3.3: Vertical Fenestration areas located more than
2.2 m (7 ft) above the level of the floor are exempt from the SHGC requirement in Table 4.3.3-1, if the following conditions are complied with:
(a) Total Effective Aperture: The total Effective Aperture for the elevation is less than 0.25, including all fenestration areas greater than 1.0 m (3 ft) above the floor level; and,
(b) An interior light shelf is provided at the bottom of this fenestration area, with an interior projection factor (PF) not less than:
- 1.0 for E-W, SE, SW, NE, and NW orientations
- 0.5 for S orientation, and
- 0.35 for N orientation when latitude is < 23 degrees.
4.3.3.1 Minimum Visible Transmission (VT) of Glazing for Vertical Fenestration
To permit the use of available daylighting in place of electric lighting, glazing products used in offices, banks, libraries, classrooms with predominant daytime usage, must have the minimum visual transmittance (VT), defined as function of WWR, where Effective Aperture > 0.1, equal to or greater than the Minimum VT requirements of Table 4.3.3.1. The table also indicates recommended VT ranges for daylight applications in such spaces.
Table 4.3.3.1 Minimum VT Requirements
WWR | Minimum VT |
0 - 0.3 | 0.27 |
0.31-0.4 | 0.20 |
0.41-0.5 | 0.16 |
0.51-0.6 | 0.13 |
0.61-0.7 | 0.11 |
4.3.4 Skylights
Skylights shall comply with the maximum U-factor and maximum SHGC requirements of Table 4.3.4 Skylight area is limited to a maximum of 5% of the gross roof area for the prescriptive requirement.
Table 4.3.4 Skylight U-factor and SHGC Requirements (U-factor in W/m2-°C)
Maximum U-factor Maximum SHGC |
Climate | With Curb | w/o Curb | 0-2% SRR | 2.1-5% SRR |
Composite | 11.24 | 7.717 | 0.40 | 0.25 |
Hot and Dry | 11.24 | 7.717 | 0.40 | 0.25 |
Warm and Humid | 11.24 | 7.717 | 0.40 | 0.25 |
Moderate | 11.24 | 7.717 | 0.61 | 0.4 |
Cold | 11.24 | 7.717 | 0.61 | 0.4 |
SRR = Skylight roof ratio which is the ratio of the total skylight area of the roof, measured to the outside of the frame, to the gross exterior roof.
See § 12.2.2 for typical complying skylight constructions.
4.4 Building Envelope Trade-Off Option
The building envelope complies with the code if the building envelope performance factor (EPF) of the proposed design is less than the standard design, where the standard design exactly complies with the criteria in § 4.3. The envelope trade-off equation is found in Appendix 13.
5. Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning
5.1 General
All heating, ventilation and air conditioning equipment and systems shall comply with the mandatory provisions of § 5.2 and the prescriptive criteria of § 5.3.
5.2 Mandatory Requirements
5.2.1 Natural Ventilation
Natural ventilation shall comply with the design guidelines provided for natural ventilation in the National Building Code of India 2005 Part 8, 5.4.3 and 5.7.1.1
5.2.2 Minimum Equipment Efficiencies
Cooling equipment shall meet or exceed the minimum efficiency requirements presented in Tables 5.2.2-1 through 5.2.2-5. Heating and cooling equipment not listed here shall comply with ASHRAE 90.1-2004 § 6.4.1.
Table 5.2.2-1 Unitary Air Conditioning Equipment
Equipment Class | Minimum COP | Minimum IPLV | Test Standard |
Unitary Air Cooled Air Conditioner ≥19 and <40 kW ( ≥5.4 and <11 tons ) | 3.08 | | ARI 210/240 |
Unitary Air Cooled Air Conditioner ≥40 to <70 kW (≥11 to <20 tons) | 3.08 | | ARI 340/360 |
Unitary Air Cooled Air Conditioner ≥70 kW ( ≥20 tons) | 2.93 | 2.99 | ARI 340/360 |
Unitary Water Cooled Air Conditioner <19 kW (<5.4 tons) | 4.10 | | ARI 210/240 |
Unitary Water Cooled Air Conditioner ≥19 and <40 kW ( ≥5.4 and <11 tons ) | 4.10 | | ARI 210/240 |
Unitary Water Cooled Air Conditioner ≥<40 kW ( ≥11 tons ) | 3.22 | 3.02 | ARI 210/240 |
Table 5.2.2-2 Chillers
Equipment Class | Minimum COP | Minimum IPLV | Test Standard |
Air Cooled Chiller <530 kW (<150 tons) | 2.90 | 3.16 | ARI 550/590- 1998 |
Air Cooled Chiller ≥530 kW (≥150 tons) | 3.05 | 3.32 | ARI 550/590- 1998 |
Centrifugal Water Cooled Chiller < 530 kW (<150 tons) | 5.80 | 6.09 | ARI 550/590- 1998 |
Centrifugal Water Cooled Chiller ≥530 and <1050 kW ( ≥150 and <300 tons) | 5.80 | 6.17 | ARI 550/590- 1998 |
Centrifugal Water Cooled Chiller ≥ 1050 kW (≥ 300 tons) | 6.30 | 6.61 | ARI 550/590- 1998 |
Reciprocating Compressor, Water Cooled Chiller all sizes | 4.20 | 5.05 | ARI 550/590- |
1998 |
Rotary Screw and Scroll Compressor, Water Cooled Chiller <530 kW (<150 tons) | 4.70 | 5.49 | ARI 550/590- 1998 |
Rotary Screw and Scroll Compressor, Water Cooled Chiller ≥530 and <1050 kW (≥150 and <300 tons) | 5.40 | 6.17 | ARI 550/590- 1998 |
Rotary Screw and Scroll Compressor, Water Cooled Chiller ≥ 1050 kW (≥ 300 tons) | 5.75 | 6.43 | ARI 550/590- 1998 |
Table 5.2.2-3 Heat Pumps Heating Mode
Equipment Type | Size Category (Input) | Subcategory or Rating Condition | Performance Requireda | Test Procedureb |
Air Cooled (Heating Mode) | <19 kW (Cooling Capacity) | Split System | 6.8 HSPF (before 1/23/2006) 7.4 HSPF | ARI 210/240 |
| | | (as of 1/23/2006) | |
| | Single Package | 6.6 HSPF | |
| | | (before 1/23/2006) | |
| | | 7.4 HSPF | |
| | | (as of 1/23/2006) | |
Air Cooled (Heating Mode) | ≥19 kW and <40 kW (Cooling Capacity) | 8°C db/6°C wb Outdoor air | 3.2 COP | ARI 340/360 |
| | -8°C db/-9°C wb | 2.2 COP | |
| | Outdoor Air | | |
| ≥40 kW (Cooling Capacity) | 8°C db/6°C wb Outdoor air | 3.1 COP | |
| | -8°C db/-9°C wb | 2.0 COP | |
| | Outdoor Air | | |
a IPLVs and Part load rating conditions are only applicable to equipment with capacity modulation.
b Section 12 of ASHRAE 90.1-2004 contains a complete specification of the referenced test procedure, including the referenced year version of the test procedure.
Table 5.2.2-4 Furnaces | | | | | Equipment Type | Size Category (Input) | Subcategory or Rating Condition | Performance Requireda | Test Procedureb | Warm Air Furnace, Gas- Fired | <66 kW | | 78% AFUE or 80% E d | DOE 10 CFR Part 430 or | | | | | ANSI Z21.47 | | ≥66 kW | Maximum Capacitye | 80% Ecc | ANSA Z21.47 | Warm Air Furnace, Oil- Fired | <66 kW | | 78% AFUE or 80% E d | DOE 10 CFR Part 430 or | | | | | ANSI Z21.47 |
|
|
Warm- Air Duct Furnaces, Gas-Fired
Warm Air Unit Heaters, Gas-Fired
Warm Air Unit Heaters, Oil-Fired
≥66 kW Maximum Capacitye 81% Et UL 727 All Capacities Maximum Capacitye 80% Ecg ANSI Z83.9
All Capacities Maximum Capacitye 80% Ecg ANSI Z83.8 All Capacities Maximum Capacitye 80% Ecg UL 731
a Et = thermal efficiency. See test procedure for detailed discussion.
b Section 12 of ASHRAE 90.1-2004 contains a complete specification of the referenced test procedure, including the referenced year version of the test procedure.
c Ec = combustion efficiency. Units must also include an interrupted or intermittent ignition device (IID), have jacket losses not exceeding 0.75% of the input rating, and have either power venting or a flue damper. A vent damper is an acceptable alternative to a flue damper for those furnaces where combustion air is drawn from the conditioned space.
d Combination units not covered by NAECA (3-phase power or cooling capacity greater than or equal to 65,000 Btu/h may comply with either rating.
e Minimum and maximum ratings as provided for and allowed by the unit’s controls.
f Et = thermal efficiency. Units must also include and interrupted or intermittent ignition device (IDD), have jacket losses not exceeding 0.75% of the input rating, and have either power venting or a flue damper. A vent damper is an acceptable alternativ3 to a flue damper for those furnaces where combustion air is drawn form the conditioned space.
g Ec = combustion efficiency (100% less flue losses). See test procedure for detailed discussion.
Boilers, Gas-Fired
<88 kW
Hot Water 80% AFUE
DOE 10 CFR
≥88 kW and ≤733 kW Maximum Capacityd 75% E b
>733 kWa Hot Water 80% Ec
>733 kWa Steam 80% Ec
H.I. Htg Boiler Std.
Boilers, Oil-Fired
<88 kW 80% AFUE DOE 10 CFR
Part 430
Oil-Fired (Residual)
≥88 kW and ≤733 kW Maximum Capacityd 78% E b
>733 kWa Steam 83% Ec>733 kWa Hot Water 83% Ec
≥88 kW and ≤733 kW Maximum Capacityd 78% E b
>733 kWa Hot Water 83% Ec
>733 kWa Steam 83% Ec
H.I. Htg Boiler Std.
H.I. Htg Boiler Std.
a These requirements apply to boilers with rated input of 2,345 kW or less that are not packaged boilers, and to all packaged boilers. Minimum efficiency requirements for boilers cover all capacities of packaged boilers.
b Et = thermal efficiency. See reference document for detailed information.
c Section 12 of ASHRAE 90.1-2004 contains a complete specification of the referenced test procedure, including the referenced year version of the test procedure.
d Minimum and maximum ratings as provided for and allowed by the unit’s controls.
5.2.3 Controls
5.2.3.1 All mechanical cooling and heating systems shall be controlled by a timeclock that:
(a) Can start and stop the system under different schedules for three different day-types per week,
(b) Is capable of retaining programming and time setting during a loss of power for a period of at least 10 hours, and
(c) Includes an accessible manual override that allows temporary operation of the system for up to 2 hours.
Exceptions to 5.2.3.1:
(a) Cooling systems < 28 kW (8 tons)
(b) Heating systems < 7 kW (2 tons)
5.2.3.2 All heating and cooling equipment shall be temperature controlled. Where a unit provides both heating and cooling, controls shall be capable of providing a temperature dead band of 3°C (5°F) within which the supply of heating and cooling energy to the zone is shut off or reduced to a minimum. Where separate heating and cooling equipment serve the same temperature zone, thermostats shall be interlocked to prevent simultaneous heating and cooling.
5.2.3.3 All cooling towers and closed circuit fluid coolers shall have either two speed motors, pony motors, or variable speed drives controlling the fans.
5.2.4 Piping and Ductwork
5.2.4.1 Piping for heating systems with a design operating temperature of 60°C (140°F) or greater shall have at least R-0.70 (R-4) insulation. Piping for heating systems with a design operating temperature less than 60°C (140°F) but greater than 40°C (104°F), piping for cooling systems with a design operating temperature less than 15°C (59°F), and refrigerant suction piping on split systems shall have at least R-0.35 (R-2) insulation. Insulation exposed to weather shall be protected by aluminum sheet metal, painted canvas, or plastic cover. Cellular foam insulation shall be protected as above, or be painted with water retardant paint.
5.2.4.2 Ductwork shall be insulated in accordance with Table 5.2.4.2.
Table 5.2.4.2 Ductwork Insulation
Required Insulationa |
Duct Location | Supply Ducts | Return Ducts |
Exterior | R-1.4 (R-8) | R- 0.6 (R-3.5) |
Ventilated Attic | R-1.4 (R-8) | R- 0.6 (R-3.5) |
Unventilated Attic without Roof Insulation | R-1.4 (R-8) | R- 0.6 (R-3.5) |
Unventilated Attic with Roof Insulation | R- 0.6 (R-3.5) | No Requirement |
Unconditioned Spaceb | R- 0.6 (R-3.5) | No Requirement |
Indirectly Conditioned Spacec | No Requirement | No Requirement |
Buried | R- 0.6 (R-3.5) | No Requirement |
a Insulation R-value is measured on a horizontal plane in accordance with ASTM C518 at a mean temperature of 24°C (75°F) at the installed thickness
b Includes crawlspaces, both ventilated and non-ventilated
c Includes return air plenums with or without exposed roofs above.
5.2.4.3 Ductwork shall be sealed in accordance with Table 5.2.4.3.
Table 5.2.4.3 Ductwork Sealing
Supply Ducts |
Duct Location | < 500 Pa | ≥500 Pa | Exhaust Ducts | Return Ducts |
| (2 inch w.g.) | ( 2 inch w.g.) | | |
Outside Conditioned Space | ← | ← | None | ← |
Unconditioned Spaces | ↑ | ← | None | → |
Indirectly Conditioned Spaces | → | ↑ | → | None |
Return Air Plenums | → | ↑ | → | None |
Cooled Spaces | None | →1 | → | None |
← All joints and longitudinal seams, and at all duct wall penetrations. Snaplock longitudinal are not allowed. Pressure sensitive tape shall not be used as the primary sealant.
↑ All joints and longitudinal seams. Pressure sensitive tape shall not be used as the primary sealant.
→ Transverse joints only.
1 Ducts within the conditioned space to which they supply air or from which they exhaust air need not be sealed.
Longitudinal seams are joints orientated in the direction of air flow. Transverse joints are connections of two duct sections orientated perpendicular to airflow. Duct wall penetrations are openings made by any screw or fastener. Spiral lock joints in round and flat oval duct need not be sealed. All other connections are considered joints including but not limited to spin-ins, lateral taps and other branch connections, access door frames and jambs, duct connections to equipment, etc.
Unless otherwise shown in design documents, ductwork between the supply fan and variable air volume boxes shall be considered to be in the ≥500 Pa (2 in. w.g.) pressure classification, while all other ductwork of any application shall be considered 250 Pa (1 in. w.g.) pressure classification.
5.2.5 System Balancing
5.2.5.1 General
Construction documents shall require that all HVAC systems be balanced in accordance with generally accepted engineering standards.
Construction documents shall require that a written balance report be provided to the owner or the designated representative of the building owner for HVAC systems serving zones with a total conditioned area exceeding 500 m2 (5,000 ft2).
5.2.5.1.1 Air System Balancing
Air systems shall be balanced in a manner to first minimize throttling losses. Then, for fans with fan system power greater than 0.75 kW (1.0 hp), fan speed shall be adjusted to meet design flow conditions.
5.2.5.1.2 Hydronic System Balancing
Hydronic systems shall be proportionately balanced in a manner to first minimize throttling losses; then the pump impeller shall be trimmed or pump speed shall be adjusted to meet design flow conditions.
Exceptions to § 5.2.5.1.2:
(a) Impellers need not be trimmed nor pump speed adjusted for pumps with pump motors of 7.5 kW (10 hp) or less,
(b) Impellers need not be trimmed when throttling results in no greater than 5% of the nameplate horsepower draw, or 2.2 kW (3 hp), whichever is greater.
5.2.6 Condensers
5.2.6.1 Condenser Locations
Care shall be exercised in locating the condensers in such a manner that heat sink is free of interference from heat discharge by devices located in adjoining spaces and also does not interfere with such other systems installed nearby.
5.2.6.2 Treated Water for Condensers
All high-rise buildings using centralized cooling water system shall use soft water for the condenser and chilled water system.
5.3 Prescriptive Requirements
Compliance shall be demonstrated with the requirements in § 5.3.1 through § 5.3.2 for each HVAC system that meets the following criteria:
(a) Serves a single zone,
(b) Cooling (if any) is provided by a unitary packaged or split-system air conditioner or heat pump,
(c) Heating (if any) is provided by a unitary packaged or split-system heat pump, fuel- fired furnace, electric resistance heater, or baseboards connected to a boiler, and
(d) Outside air quantity is less than 1,400 l/s (3000 cfm) and less than 70% of supply air at design conditions.
Other HVAC systems shall comply with ASHRAE 90.1-2004, § 6.5.
5.3.1 Economizers
5.3.1.1 Air Side Economizer
Each individual cooling fan system that has a design supply capacity over 1,200 l/s (2,500 cfm) and a total mechanical cooling capacity over 22 kW (6.3 tons) shall include either:
(a) An air economizer capable of modulating outside-air and return-air dampers to supply 100 percent of the design supply air quantity as outside-air; or
(b) A water economizer capable of providing 100% of the expected system cooling load at outside air temperatures of 10°C (50°F) dry-bulb/7.2°C (45°F) wet-bulb and below.
Exception to § 5.3.1.1:
(a) Projects in the Hot-Dry and Warm-Humid climate zones are exempt.
(b) Individual ceiling mounted fan systems < 3,200 l/s (6,500 cfm) are exempt.
5.3.1.2 Where required by 5.3.1.1 economizers shall be capable of providing partial cooling even when additional mechanical cooling is required to meet the cooling load.
5.3.1.3 Air-side economizers shall be tested in the field following the requirements in Appendix 15 to ensure proper operation.
Exception to 5.3.1.3: Air economizers installed by the HVAC system equipment manufacturer and certified to the building department as being factory calibrated and tested per the procedures in Appendix 15.
5.3.2 Variable Flow Hydronic Systems
5.3.2.1 Chilled or hot-water systems shall be designed for variable fluid flow and shall be capable of reducing pump flow rates to no more than the larger of:
(a) 50% of the design flow rate, or
(b) the minimum flow required by the equipment manufacturer for proper operation of the chillers or boilers.
5.3.2.2 Water cooled air-conditioning or heat pump units with a circulation pump motor greater than or equal to 3.7 kW (5 hp) shall have two-way automatic isolation valves on each water cooled air-conditioning or heat pump unit that are interlocked with the compressor to shut off condenser water flow when the compressor is not operating.
5.3.2.3 Chilled water or condenser water systems that must comply with either 5.3.2.1 or
5.3.2.2 and that have pump motors greater than or equal to 3.7 kW (5 hp) shall be controlled by variable speed drives.
6. Service Hot Water and Pumping
6.1 General
All service water heating equipment and systems shall comply with the mandatory provisions of § 6.2.
6.2 Mandatory Requirements
6.2.1 Solar Water Heating
Residential facilities, hotels and hospitals with a centralized system shall have solar water heating for at least 1/5 of the design capacity.
Exception to § 6.2.1: Systems that use heat recovery for at least 1/5 of the design capacity.
6.2.2 Equipment Efficiency
Service water heating equipment shall meet or exceed the minimum efficiency requirements presented in Table 6.2.2.
Table 6.2.2 Minimum Efficiencies for Service Water Heating Equipment
Equipment Type | Size Category (Input) | Subcategory or Rating Condition | Performance Requireda | Test Procedureb |
Electric Water Heaters | ≤12 kW | Resistance ≥76 L | 0.93-0.00132V EF | DOE 10 CFR Part 430 |
| >12 kW | Resistance ≥76 L | 20 + 35 √V SL, Btu/h | ANSI Z21.10.3 |
| ≤24 Amps and ≤250 Volts | Heat Pump | 0.93-0.00132V EF | DOE 10 CFR Part 430 |
Gas Storage Water Heaters | ≤23 kW | ≥76 L | 0.62-0.0019V EF | DOE 10 CFR Part 430 |
| >23 kW | <310 W/L | 80% Et (Q/800 + 110 √V ) SL, Btu/h | ANSI Z21.10.3 |
Gas Instantaneous Water Heaters | >15 kW and <59 kW | ≥310 W/L and <8 L | 0.62-0.0019V EF | DOE 10 CFR Part 430 |
| ≥59 kWc | ≥310 W/L and <38 L | 80% Et | ANSI Z21.10.3 |
| ≥59 kW | ≥310 W/L and ≥38 L | 80% Et (Q/800 + 110 √V ) SL, Btu/h | |
Oil Storage Water Heaters | ≤31 kW | ≥76 L | 0.59-0.0019V EF | DOE 10 CFR Part 430 |
| >31 kW | <310 W/L | 78% Et (Q/800 + 110 √V ) SL, Btu/h | ANSI Z21.10.3 |
Oil Instantaneous Water Heaters | ≤62 kW | ≥310 W/L and <8 L | 0.59-0.0019V EF | DOE 10 CFR Part 430 |
| >62 kW | ≥310 W/L and <38 L | 80% Et | ANSI Z21.10.3 |
| >62 kW | ≥310 W/L and ≥38 L | 78% Et (Q/800 + 110 √V ) SL, Btu/h | |
Hot Water Supply Boilers, Gas and Oil | ≥62 kW and <3664 kW | ≥310 W/L and <38 L | 80% Et | ANSI Z21.10.3 |
Hot Water Supply Boilers, Gas | | ≥310 W/L and ≥38 L | 80% Et (Q/800 + 110 √V ) SL, Btu/h | |
Hot Water Supply Boilers, Oil | | ≥310 W/L and ≥38 L | 78% Et (Q/800 + 110 √V ) SL, Btu/h | |
Pool Heaters Oil and Gas | All | | 78% Et | ASHRAE 146 |
Heat Pump Pool | All | | 4.0 COP | ASHRAE 146 |
Heaters | | | | |
Unfired Storage | All | | R-2.2 | (none) |
Tanks | | | | |
a Energy factor (EF) and thermal efficiency (Et) are minimum requirements, while standby loss (SL) is maximum Btu/h based on a 38.9°C temperature difference between stored water and ambient requirements. In the EF equation, V is the rated volume in liters. In the SL equation, V is the rated volume in liters and Q is the nameplate input rate in W.
b Section 12 of ASHRAE 90.1-2004 contains a complete specification, including the year version, of the referenced test procedure.
c Instantaneous water heaters with input rates below 58.62 W must comply with these requirements if the water heater is designed to heat water to temperatures 82.2°C or higher.
6.2.3 Supplementary Water Heating System
Supplementary heating system shall be designed to maximize the energy efficiency of the system and shall incorporate the following design features in cascade:
(a) Maximum heat recovery from hot discharge system like condensers of air conditioning units,
(b) Use of gas fired heaters wherever gas is available, and
(c) Electric heater as last resort.
6.2.4 Piping Insulation
Piping insulation shall comply with § 5.2.4.1. The entire hot water system including the storage tanks, pipelines shall be insulated conforming to the relevant IS standards on materials and applications.
6.2.5 Heat Traps
Vertical pipe risers serving storage water heaters and storage tanks not having integral heat traps and serving a non-recirculating system shall have heat traps on both the inlet and outlet piping as close as practical to the storage tank.
6.2.6 Swimming Pools
Heated pools shall be provided with a vapor retardant pool cover on or at the water surface. Pools heated to more than 32°C (90°F) shall have a pool cover with a minimum insulation value of R-2.1 (R-12).
Exception to § 6.2.6: Pools deriving over 60% of their energy from site-recovered energy or solar energy source.
6.2.7 Compliance Documentation
The application for approval shall furnish detailed calculation showing the design to ensure that at least 20% of the heating requirement shall be met from solar heat/heat recovery and not more than 80% of the heat shall be met from electrical heating. Wherever gas is available, not more than 20% of the heat shall be met from electrical heating.
7. Lighting
7.1 General
Lighting systems and equipment shall comply with the mandatory provisions of § 7.2 and the prescriptive criteria of § 7.3 and § 7.4. The lighting requirements in this section shall apply to:
(a) Interior spaces of buildings,
(b) Exterior building features, including facades, illuminated roofs, architectural features, entrances, exits, loading docks, and illuminated canopies, and,
(c) Exterior building grounds lighting that is provided through the building's electrical service.
Exceptions to § 7.1:
(a) Emergency lighting that is automatically off during normal building operation and is powered by battery, generator, or other alternate power source; and,
(b) Lighting in dwelling units.
7.2 Mandatory Requirements
7.2.1 Lighting Control
7.2.1.1 Automatic Lighting Shutoff
Interior lighting systems in buildings larger than 500 m2 (5,000 ft²) shall be equipped with an automatic control device. Within these buildings, all office areas less than 30 m2 (300 ft2) enclosed by walls or ceiling-height partitions, all meeting and conference rooms, all school classrooms, and all storage spaces shall be equipped with occupancy sensors. For other spaces, this automatic control device shall function on either
(a) A scheduled basis at specific programmed times. An independent program schedule shall be provided for areas of no more than 2,500 m2 (25,000 ft²) and not more than one floor; or,
(b) Occupancy sensors that shall turn the lighting off within 30 minutes of an occupant leaving the space. Light fixtures controlled by occupancy sensors shall have a wall- mounted, manual switch capable of turning off lights when the space is occupied.
Exception to § 7.2.1.1: Lighting systems designed for 24-hour use.
7.2.1.2 Space Control
Each space enclosed by ceiling-height partitions shall have at least one control device to independently control the general lighting within the space. Each control device shall be activated either manually by an occupant or automatically by sensing an occupant. Each control device shall
(a) Control a maximum of 250 m2 (2,500 ft2) for a space less than or equal to 1,000 m2 (10,000 ft2), and a maximum of 1,000 m2 (10,000 ft2) for a space greater than 1,000 m2 (10,000 ft2).
(b) Be capable of overriding the shutoff control required in 7.2.1.1 for no more than 2 hours, and
(c) Be readily accessible and located so the occupant can see the control.
Exception to § 7.2.1.2(c): The required control device may be remotely installed if required for reasons of safety or security. A remotely located device shall have a pilot light indicator as part of or next to the control device and shall be clearly labeled to identify the controlled lighting.
7.2.1.3 Control in Daylighted Areas
Luminaires in daylighted areas greater than 25 m2 (250 ft2) shall be equipped with either a manual or automatic control device that:
(a) Is capable of reducing the light output of the luminaires in the daylighted areas by at least 50%, and
(b) Controls only the luminaires located entirely within the daylighted area.
7.2.1.4 Exterior Lighting Control
Lighting for all exterior applications not exempted in § 7.4 shall be controlled by a photosensor or astronomical time switch that is capable of automatically turning off the exterior lighting when daylight is available or the lighting is not required.
7.2.1.5 Additional Control
The following lighting applications shall be equipped with a control device to control such lighting independently of general lighting:
(a) Display/Accent Lighting. Display or accent lighting greater than 300 m2 (3,000 ft2) area shall have a separate control device.
(b) Case Lighting. Lighting in cases used for display purposes greater than 300 m2 (3,000 ft2) area shall be equipped with a separate control device.
(c) Hotel and Motel Guest Room Lighting. Hotel and motel guest rooms and guest suites shall have a master control device at the main room entry that controls all permanently installed luminaires and switched receptacles.
(d) Task Lighting. Supplemental task lighting including permanently installed under shelf or under cabinet lighting shall have a control device integral to the luminaires or be controlled by a wall-mounted control device provided the control device complies with 7.2.1.2(c).
(e) Nonvisual Lighting. Lighting for nonvisual applications, such as plant growth and food-warming, shall be equipped with a separate control device.
(f) Demonstration Lighting. Lighting equipment that is for sale or for demonstrations in lighting education shall be equipped with a separate control device accessible only to authorized personnel.
7.2.2 Exit Signs
Internally-illuminated exit signs shall not exceed 5 W per face.
7.2.3 Exterior Building Grounds Lighting
Lighting for exterior building grounds luminaires which operate at greater than 100 W shall contain lamps having a minimum efficacy of 60 lm/W unless the luminaire is controlled by a motion sensor or exempt under § 7.1.
7.3 Interior Lighting Power
The installed interior lighting power for a building or a separately metered or permitted portion of a building shall be calculated in accordance with § 7.3.3 and shall not exceed the interior lighting power allowance determined in accordance with either § 7.3.1 or § 7.3.2. Tradeoffs of interior lighting power allowance among portions of the building for which a different method of calculation has been used are not permitted.
Exception to § 7.3: The following lighting equipment and applications shall not be considered when determining the interior lighting power allowance, nor shall the wattage for such lighting be included in the installed interior lighting power. However, any such lighting shall not be exempt unless it is an addition to general lighting and is controlled by an independent control device.
(a) Display or accent lighting that is an essential element for the function performed in galleries, museums, and monuments,
(b) Lighting that is integral to equipment or instrumentation and is installed by its manufacturer,
(c) Lighting specifically designed for medical or dental procedures and lighting integral to medical equipment,
(d) Lighting integral to food warming and food preparation equipment,
(e) Lighting for plant growth or maintenance,
(f) Lighting in spaces specifically designed for use by the visually impaired,
(g) Lighting in retail display windows, provided the display area is enclosed by ceiling- height partitions,
(h) Lighting in interior spaces that have been specifically designated as a registered interior historic landmark,
(i) Lighting that is an integral part of advertising or directional signage,
(j) Exit signs,
(k) Lighting that is for sale or lighting educational demonstration systems,
(l) Lighting for theatrical purposes, including performance, stage, and film or video production, and
(m) Athletic playing areas with permanent facilities for television broadcasting.
7.3.1 Building Area Method
Determination of interior lighting power allowance (watts) by the building area method shall be in accordance with the following:
(a) Determine the allowed lighting power density from Table 7.3.1 for each appropriate building area type.
(b) Calculate the gross lighted floor area for each building area type.
(c) The interior lighting power allowance is the sum of the products of the gross lighted floor area of each building area times the allowed lighting power density for that building area types.
Table 7.3.1 Interior Lighting Power - Building Area Method
Building Area Type | LPD (W/m2) | Building Area Type | LPD (W/m2) |
Automotive Facility | 9.7 | Multifamily | 7.5 |
Convention Center | 12.9 | Museum | 11.8 |
Court House | 12.9 | Office | 10.8 |
Dining: Bar Lounge/Leisure | 14.0 | Parking Garage | 3.2 |
Dining: Cafeteria/Fast Food | 15.1 | Penitentiary | 10.8 |
Dining: Family | 17.2 | Performing Arts Theater | 17.2 |
Dormitory | 10.8 | Police/Fire Station | 10.8 |
Exercise Center | 10.8 | Post Office | 11.8 |
Gymnasium | 11.8 | Religious Building | 14.0 |
Healthcare-Clinic | 10.8 | Retail | 16.1 |
Hospital/Health Care | 12.9 | School/University | 12.9 |
Hotel | 10.8 | Sports Arena | 11.8 |
Library | 14.0 | Town Hall | 11.8 |
Manufacturing Facility | 14.0 | Transportation | 10.8 |
Motel | 10.8 | Warehouse | 8.6 |
Motion Picture Theater | 12.9 | Workshop | 15.1 |
In cases where both a general building area type and a specific building area type are listed, the specific building area type shall apply.
7.3.2 Space Function Method
Determination of interior lighting power allowance (watts) by the space function method shall be in accordance with the following:
(a) Determine the appropriate building type from Table 7.3.2 and the allowed lighting power density.
(b) For each space enclosed by partitions 80% or greater than ceiling height, determine the gross interior floor area by measuring to the center of the partition wall. Include the floor area of balconies or other projections. Retail spaces do not have to comply with the 80% partition height requirements.
(c) The interior lighting power allowance is the sum of the lighting power allowances for all spaces. The lighting power allowance for a space is the product of the gross lighted floor area of the space times the allowed lighting power density for that space.
Office-enclosed | 11.8 | Library | |
Office-open plan | 11.8 | Card File & Cataloging | 11.8 |
Conference/Meeting/Multipurpose | 14.0 | Stacks | 18.3 |
Classroom/Lecture/Training | 15.1 | Reading Area | 12.9 |
Lobby | 14.0 | Hospital | |
For Hotel | 11.8 | Emergency | 29.1 |
For Performing Arts Theater | 35.5 | Recovery | 8.6 |
For Motion Picture Theater | 11.8 | Nurse Station | 10.8 |
Audience/Seating Area | 9.7 | Exam Treatment | 16.1 |
For Gymnasium | 4.3 | Pharmacy | 12.9 |
For Exercise Center | 3.2 | Patient Room | 7.5 |
For Convention Center | 7.5 | Operating Room | 23.7 |
For Religious Buildings | 18.3 | Nursery | 6.5 |
For Sports Arena | 4.3 | Medical Supply | 15.1 |
For Performing Arts Theater | 28.0 | Physical Therapy | 9.7 |
For Motion Picture Theater | 12.9 | Radiology | 4.3 |
For Transportation | 5.4 | Laundry – Washing | 6.5 |
Atrium-first three floors | 6.5 | Automotive – Service Repair | 7.5 |
Atrium-each additional floor | 2.2 | Manufacturing | |
Lounge/Recreation | 12.9 | Low Bay (<8m ceiling) | 12.9 |
For Hospital | 8.6 | High Bay (>8m ceiling) | 18.3 |
Dining Area | 9.7 | Detailed Manufacturing | 22.6 |
For Hotel | 14.0 | Equipment Room | 12.9 |
For Motel | 12.9 | Control Room | 5.4 |
For Bar Lounge/Leisure Dining | 15.1 | Hotel/Motel Guest Rooms | 11.8 |
For Family Dining | 22.6 | Dormitory – Living Quarters | 11.8 |
Food Preparation | 12.9 | Museum | |
Laboratory | 15.1 | General Exhibition | 10.8 |
Restrooms | 9.7 | Restoration | 18.3 |
Dressing/Locker/Fitting Room | 6.5 | Bank Office – Banking Activity Area | 16.1 |
Corridor/Transition | 5.4 | Religions Buildings | |
For Hospital | 10.8 | Worship-pulpit, choir | 25.8 |
For Manufacturing Facility | 5.4 | Fellowship Hall | 9.7 |
Stairs-active | 6.5 | Retail | |
Active Storage | 8.6 | Sales Area | 18.3 |
For Hospital | 9.7 | Mall Concourse | 18.3 |
Inactive Storage | 3.2 | Sports Arena | |
For Museum | 8.6 | Ring Sports Area | 29.1 |
Electrical/Mechanical | 16.1 | Court Sports Area | 24.8 |
Workshop | 20.5 | Indoor Field Area | 15.1 |
Sleeping Quarters | 3.2 | Warehouse | |
Convention Center – Exhibit Space | 14.0 | Fine Material Storage | 15.1 |
| | Medium/Bulky Material Storage | 9.7 |
| | Parking Garage – Garage Area | 2.2 |
| | Transportation | |
| | Airport – Concourse | 6.5 |
| | Air/Train/Bus – Baggage Area | 10.8 |
| | Terminal – Ticket Counter | 16.1 |
7.3.3 Installed Interior Lighting Power
The installed interior lighting power calculated for compliance with § 7.3 shall include all power used by the luminaires, including lamps, ballasts, current regulators, and control devices except as specifically exempted in § 7.1.
Exception to § 7.3.3: If two or more independently operating lighting systems in a space are controlled to prevent simultaneous user operation, the installed interior lighting power shall be based solely on the lighting system with the highest power.
7.3.3.1 Luminaire Wattage
Luminaire wattage incorporated into the installed interior lighting power shall be determined in accordance with the following:
(a) The wattage of incandescent luminaires with medium base sockets and not containing permanently installed ballasts shall be the maximum labeled wattage of the luminaires.
(b) The wattage of luminaires containing permanently installed ballasts shall be the operating input wattage of the specified lamp/ballast combination based on values from manufacturers’ catalogs or values from independent testing laboratory reports.
(c) The wattage of all other miscellaneous luminaire types not described in (a) or (b) shall be the specified wattage of the luminaires.
(d) The wattage of lighting track, plug-in busway, and flexible-lighting systems that allow the addition and/or relocation of luminaires without altering the wiring of the system shall be the larger of the specified wattage of the luminaires included in the system or 135 W/m (45 W/ft). Systems with integral overload protection, such as fuses or circuit breakers, shall be rated at 100% of the maximum rated load of the limiting device.
7.4 Exterior Lighting Power
For building exterior lighting applications specified in Table 7.4, the connected lighting power shall not exceed the specified lighting power limits specified for each of these applications.
Trade-offs between applications are not permitted. Exterior lighting for all other applications (except those included in the Exceptions to § 7.4) shall comply with the requirements of § 7.2.3.
Table 7.4 Exterior Building Lighting Power
Building entrance (with canopy) 13 W/m2 (1.3 W/ft2) of canopied area
Building entrance (without canopy) 90 W/lin m (30 W/lin f) of door width
Building exit 60 W/lin m (20 W/lin f) of door width
Building facades 2 W/m2 (0.2 W/ft2) of vertical facade area
Exceptions to § 7.4: Lighting used for the following exterior applications is exempt when equipped with an independent control device:
(a) Specialized signal, directional, and marker lighting associated with transportation;
(b) Lighting used to highlight features of public monuments and registered historic landmark structures or buildings;
(c) Lighting that is integral to advertising signage; or
(d) Lighting that is specifically designated as required by a health or life safety statute, ordinance, or regulation.
8. Electrical Power
8.1 General
Electric equipment and systems shall comply with the mandatory requirements of § 8.2.
8.2 Mandatory Requirements
8.2.1 Transformers
8.2.1.1 Maximum Allowable Power Transformer Losses
Power transformers of the proper ratings and design must be selected to satisfy the minimum acceptable efficiency at their full load rating. In addition, the transformer must be selected such that it minimizes the total of its initial cost in addition to the present value of the cost of its total lost energy while serving its estimated loads during its respective life span.
Transformers used in buildings shall be constructed with high quality grain oriented low loss silicon steel and virgin electrolytic grade copper and the manufacturer’s certificate to this effect shall be obtained.
Table 8.2.1.1 Maximum Allowable Losses of 11,22 kV Transformers
Maximum Allowable Losses at Full Load in % of Rating |
Transformer Capacity, kVa | 11 kV Transformer | 22 kV Transformer |
100 | 2.5 | 2.7 |
160 | 2.3 | 2.2 |
250 | 2.1 | 1.8 |
400 | 1.5 | 1.5 |
630 | 1.4 | 1.5 |
800 | 1.4 | 1.5 |
1000 | 1.2 | 1.2 |
Reference conditions: 100% of nameplate load at temperature of 75o C
8.2.1.2 Measurement and Reporting of Transformer Losses
All measurement of losses shall be carried out by using calibrated digital meters of class 0.5 or better accuracy and certified by the manufacturer. All transformers of capacity of 500 kVA and above would be equipped with additional metering class current transformers (CTs) and potential transformers (PTs) additional to requirements of Utilities so that periodic loss monitoring study may be carried out.
8.2.2 Energy Efficient Motors
Motors shall comply with the following:
(a) All permanently wired polyphase motors of 0.375 kW or more serving the building and expected to operate more than 1,500 hours per year and all permanently wired polyphase motors of 50kW or more serving the building and expected to operate more than 500 hours per year shall have a minimum acceptable nominal full load motor efficiency not less than shown in Table 8.2.2 or the BIS for energy efficient motors.
(b) Motors of horsepower differing from those listed in the table shall have efficiency greater than that of the next listed kW motor.
(c) Motor horsepower ratings shall not exceed 200% of the calculated maximum load being served.
(d) Motor nameplates shall list the nominal full-load motor efficiencies and the full-load power factor.
(e) Motor users should insist on proper rewinding practices for any rewound motors. If the proper rewinding practices cannot be assured, the damaged motor should be replaced with a new, efficient one rather than suffer the significant efficiency penalty associated with typical rewind practices.
(f) Certificates shall be obtained and kept on record indicating the motor efficiency. Whenever a motor is rewound, appropriate measures shall be taken so that the core characteristics of the motor is not lost due to thermal and mechanical stress during removal of damaged parts. After rewinding, a new efficiency test shall be performed and a similar record shall be maintained.
Table 8.2.2 Minimum Acceptable Motor Efficiencies | |
Motor Size (kW) | 2 Pole | Efficiency (%) | 4 Pole |
1.1 (1.5 hp) | 82.2 | | 83.8 |
1.5 (2 hp) | 84.1 | | 85.0 |
2.2 (3 hp) | 85.6 | | 86.4 |
3.0 (4 hp) | 86.7 | | 87.4 |
4.0 (5.5 hp) | 87.6 | | 88.3 |
5.5 (7.5 hp) | 88.5 | | 89.2 |
7.5 (10 hp) | 89.5 | | 90.1 |
11.0 (15 hp) | 90.6 | | 91.0 |
15.0 (20 hp) | 91.3 | | 91.8 |
18.5 (25 hp) | 91.8 | | 92.2 |
22.0 (30 hp) | 92.2 | | 92.6 |
30.0 (40 hp) | 92.9 | | 93.2 |
37.0 (50 hp) | 93.3 | | 93.6 |
45.0 (60 hp) | 93.7 | | 93.9 |
55.0 (75 hp) | 94.0 | | 94.2 |
75.0 (100 hp) | 94.6 | | 94.7 |
8.2.3 Power Factor Correction
All electricity supplies exceeding 100 A, 3 phase shall maintain their power factor between
0.98 lag and unity at the point of connection.
8.2.4 Check-Metering and Monitoring
(a) Buildings whose maximum demand is greater than 250 kVA shall have the electrical distribution system with their energy consumption being check-metered.
(b) Services exceeding 1000 kVA shall have permanently installed electrical metering to record demand (kVA), energy (kWh), and total power factor. The metering shall also display current (in each phase and the neutral), voltage (between phases and between each phase and neutral), and total harmonic distortion (THD) as a percentage of total current.
(c) Services not exceeding 1000 kVA but over 65 kVA shall have permanently installed electric metering to record demand (kW), energy (kWh), and total power factor (or kVARh).
(d) Services not exceeding 65 kVA shall have permanently installed electrical metering to record energy (kWh).
8.2.5 Power Distribution Systems
8.2.5.1 Thermal Monitoring of Main Distribution System
All the power junction boxes and main power distribution board and cable termination points shall be provided with temperature monitoring mechanism comprising of sensors in the enclosed chambers and properly visible temperature indicators outside. Record of temperature during commissioning and subsequently on a daily basis shall be maintained.
8.2.5.2 Power Distribution System Losses
The power cabling shall be adequately sized as to maintain the distribution losses not to exceed 1% of the total power usage. Record of design calculation for the losses shall be maintained.
9. Appendix A - Definitions, Abbreviations, and Acronyms
9.1 General
Certain terms, abbreviations, and acronyms are defined in this section for the purposes of this code. These definitions are applicable to all sections of this code. Terms that are not defined shall have their ordinarily accepted meanings within the context in which they are used. Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged, copyright 1986, shall be considered as providing ordinarily accepted meanings.
9.2 Definitions
Addition: an extension or increase in floor area or height of a building outside of the existing building envelope
Alteration: any change, rearrangement, replacement, or addition to a building or its systems and equipment; any modification in construction or building equipment
Annual fuel utilization efficiency (AFUE): an efficiency description of the ratio of annual output energy to annual input energy as developed in accordance with requirements of U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) 10CFR Part 430
Area: see roof and wall, conditioned floor, daylighted, façade, fenestration, lighted floor
Astronomical time switch: an automatic time switch that makes an adjustment for the length of the day as it varies over the year
Authority having jurisdiction: the agency or agent responsible for enforcing this standard
Automatic: self-acting, operating by its own mechanism when actuated by some non- manual influence, such as a change in current strength, pressure, temperature, or mechanical configuration.
Automatic control device: a device capable of automatically turning loads off and on without manual intervention
Balancing, air system: adjusting airflow rates through air distribution system devices, such as fans and diffusers, by manually adjusting the position of dampers, splitters vanes, extractors, etc., or by using automatic control devices, such as constant air volume or variable air volume boxes
Balancing, hydronic system: adjusting water flow rates through hydronic distribution system devices, such as pumps and coils, by manually adjusting the position valves, or by using automatic control devices, such as automatic flow control valves
Ballast: a device used in conjunction with an electric-discharge lamp to cause the lamp to start and operate under proper circuit conations of voltage, current, waveform, electrode heat, etc.
Boiler: a self-contained low-pressure appliance for supplying steam or hot water
Boiler, packaged a boiler that is shipped complete with heating equipment, mechanical draft equipment, and automatic controls; usually shipped in one or more sections. A packaged boiler includes factory-built boilers manufactured as a unit or system, disassembled for shipment, and reassembled at the site.
Building: a structure wholly or partially enclosed within exterior walls, or within exterior and party walls, and a roof, affording shelter to persons, animals, or property.
Building, existing: a building or portion thereof that was previously occupied or approved for occupancy by the authority having jurisdiction
Building complex: a group of buildings in a contiguous area under single ownership
Building entrance: any doorway, set of doors, turnstiles, or other form of portal that is ordinarily used to gain access to the building by its users and occupants
Building envelope: the exterior plus the semi-exterior portions of a building. For the purposes of determining building envelope requirements, the classifications are defined as follows:
(a) Building envelope, exterior: the elements of a building that separate conditioned spaces from the exterior
(b) Building envelope, semi-exterior: the elements of a building that separate conditioned space from unconditioned space or that enclose semi-heated spaces through which thermal energy may be transferred to or from the exterior, or to or from unconditioned spaces, or to or from conditioned spaces
Building exit: any doorway, set of doors, or other form of portal that is ordinarily used only for emergency egress or convenience exit
Building grounds lighting: lighting provided through a building’s electrical service for parking lot, site, roadway, pedestrian pathway, loading dock, and security applications
Building material: any element of the building envelope through which heat flows and that heat is included in the component U-factor calculations other than air films and insulation
Circuit breaker: a device designed t open and close a circuit by nonautomatic means and to open the circuit automatically at a predetermined over-current without damage to itself when properly applied within its rating
Class of construction: for the building envelope, a subcategory of roof, wall, floor, slab-on- grade floor, opaque door, vertical fenestration, or skylight
Coefficient Of Performance (COP) – cooling: the ratio of the rate of heat removal to the rate of energy input, in consistent units, for a complete refrigerating system or some specific portion of that system under designated operating conditions
Coefficient Of Performance (COP) – heating: the ratio of the rate of heat delivered to the rate of energy input, in consistent units, for a complete heat pump system, including the compressor and, if applicable, auxiliary heat, under designated operating conditions
Commercial building: all buildings except for multi-family buildings of three stories or fewer above grade and single-family buildings
Construction documents: drawings and specifications used to construct a building, building systems, or portions thereof
Control: to regulate the operation of equipment
Control device: a specialized device used to regulate the operation of equipment
Cool roof: a property of a surface that describes its ability to reflect and reject heat. Cool roof surfaces have both a light color (high solar reflectance) and a high emittance (can reject heat back to the environment)
Daylighted area: the daylight illuminated floor area under horizontal fenestration (skylight) or adjacent to vertical fenestration (window), described as follows
(a) Horizontal Fenestration: the area under a skylight, monitor, or sawtooth configuration with an effective aperture greater than 0.001 (0.1%). The daylighted area is calculated as the horizontal dimension in each direction equal to the top aperture dimension in that direction plus either the floor-to-ceiling height (H) for skylights, or 1.5 H for monitors, or H or 2H for the sawtooth configuration, or the distance to the nearest 1000 mm (42 in) or higher opaque partition, or one-half the distance to an adjacent skylight or vertical glazing, whichever is least, as shown in the plan and section figures below.
(b) Vertical Fenestration: the floor area adjacent to side apertures (vertical fenestration in walls) with an effective aperture greater than 0.06 (6%). The daylighted area extends into the space perpendicular to the side aperture a distance either two times the head height of the side aperture or to the nearest 1.35 m (54 in) or higher opaque partition, whichever is less. In the direction parallel to the window, the daylighted area extends a horizontal dimension equal to the width of the window plus either 1 m (3.3 ft) on each side of the aperture, the distance to an opaque partition, or one-half the distance to an adjacent skylight or window, whichever is least.
Dead band: the range of values within which a sensed variable can vary without initiating a change in the controlled process
Demand: the highest amount of power (average Btu/h over an interval) recorded for a building or facility in a selected time frame
Design capacity: output capacity of a system or piece of equipment at design conditions
Design conditions: specified environmental conditions, such as temperature and light intensity, required to be produced and maintained by a system and under which the system must operate
Distribution system: a device or group of devices or other means by which the conductors of a circuit can be disconnected from their source of supply
Door: all operable opening areas (which are not fenestration) in the building envelope, including swinging and roll-up doors, fire doors, and access hatches. Doors that are more than one-half glass are considered fenestration. For the purposes of determining building envelope requirements, the classifications are defined as follows:
(a) Door, non-swinging: roll-up sliding, and all other doors that are not swinging doors.
(b) Door, swinging: all operable opaque panels with hinges on one side and opaque revolving doors.
Door area: total area of the door measured using the rough opening and including the door slab and the frame.
Dwelling unit: a single unit providing complete independent living facilities for one or more persons, including permanent provisions for living, seeping, eating, coking, and sanitation
Economizer, air: a duct and damper arrangement and automatic control system that together allow a cooling system to supply outdoor air to reduce or eliminate the need for mechanical cooling during mild or cold weather
Economizer, water: a system by which the supply air of a cooling system is cooled indirectly with water that is itself cooled by heat or mass transfer to the environment without the use of mechanical cooling
Effective aperture: Visible Light Transmittance x Window-to-wall Ratio. (EA = VLT x WWR)
Effective aperture, horizontal fenestration: a measure of the amount of daylight that enters a space through horizontal fenestration (skylights). It is the ratio of the skylight area times the visible light transmission divided by the gross roof area above the daylighted area. See also daylighted area.
Effective aperture, vertical fenestration: a measure of the amount of daylight that enters a space through vertical fenestration. It is the ratio of the daylight window area times its visible light transmission plus half the vision glass area times its visible light transmission and the sum is divided by the gross wall area. Daylighted window area is located 2.2 m (7 ft) or more above the floor and vision window area is located above 1 m (3 ft) but below 2.2 m (7 ft). The window area, for the purposes of determining effective aperture shall not include windows located in light wells when the angle of obstruction (α) of objects obscuring the sky dome is greater than 70o, measured from the horizontal, nor shall it include window area located below a height of 1 m (3 ft). See also daylighted area.
Efficacy: the lumens produced by a lamp/ballast system divided by the total watts of input power (including the ballast), expressed in lumens per watt
Efficiency: performance at a specified rating condition
Remittance: the ratio of the radiant heat flux emitted by a specimen to that emitted by a blackbody at the same temperature and under the same conditions
Enclosed building: a building that is totally enclosed by walls, floors, roofs, and openable devices such as doors and operable windows
Energy: the capacity for doing work. It takes a number of forms that may be transformed from one into another such as thermal (heat), mechanical (work), electrical, and chemical. Customary measurements are watts (W)
Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER): the ratio of net cooling capacity in Btu/h to total rate of electric input in watts under designated operating conditions
Energy Factor (EF): a measure of water heater overall efficiency
Envelope performance factor: the trade-off value for the building envelope performance compliance option calculated using the procedures specified in Appendix 13. For the purposes of determining building envelope requirements the classifications are defined as follows:
(a) Base envelope performance factor: the building envelope performance factor for the base design
(b) Proposed envelope performance factor: the building envelope performance factor for the proposed design
Equipment: devices for comfort conditioned, electric power, lighting, transportation, or service water heating including, but not limited to, furnaces, boilers, air conditioners, heat pumps, chillers, water heaters, lamps, luminaires, ballasts, elevators, escalators, or other devices or installations
Equipment, existing: equipment previously installed in an existing building
Facade area: area of the façade, including overhanging soffits, cornices, and protruding columns, measured in elevation in a vertical plane, parallel to the plane of the face of the building. Nonhorizontal roof surfaces shall be included in the calculations of vertical façade area by measuring the area in a plane parallel to the surface.
Fan system power: the sum of the nominal power demand (nameplate W or HP) of motors of all fans that are required to operate at design conditions to supply air from the heating or cooling source to the conditioned space(s) and return it to the source of exhaust it to the outdoors.
Fenestration: all areas (including the frames) in the building envelope that let in light, including windows, plastic panels, clerestories, skylights, glass doors that are more than one- half glass, and glass block walls.
(a) Skylight: a fenestration surface having a slope of less than 60 degrees from the horizontal plane. Other fenestration, even if mounted on the roof of a building, is considered vertical fenestration.
(b) Vertical fenestration: all fenestration other than skylights. Trombe wall assemblies, where glazing is installed within 300 mm (12 in). of a mass wall, are considered walls, not fenestration.
Fenestration area: total area of the fenestration measured using the rough opening and including the glazing, sash, and frame. For doors where the glazed vision area is less than 50% of the door area, the fenestration area is the glazed vision area. For all other doors, the fenestration area is the door area.
Floor area gross: the sum of the floor areas of the spaces within the building including basements, mezzanine and intermediate-floored tiers, and penthouses with headroom height of 2.5 m (7.5 ft) or greater. It is measured from the exterior faces of exterior walls or from the centerline of walls separating buildings, but excluding covered walkways, open roofed- over areas, porches and similar spaces, pipe trenches, exterior terraces or steps, chimneys, roof overhangs, and similar features.
(a) Gross building envelope floor area: the gross floor area of the building envelope, but excluding slab-on-grade floors.
(b) gross conditioned floor area: the gross floor area of conditioned spaces
(c) Gross lighted floor area: the gross floor area of lighted spaces.
(d) Gross semiheated floor area: the gross floor area of semiheated spaces.
Flue damper: a device in the flue outlet or in the inlet of or upstream of the draft control device of an individual, automatically operated, fossil fuel-fired appliance that is designed to automatically open the flue outlet during appliance operation and to automatically close the flue outlet when then appliance is in standby condition.
Fossil fuel: fuel derived from a hydrocarbon deposit such as petroleum, coal, or natural gas derived from living matter of a previous geologic time.
Fuel: a material that may be used to produce heat or generate power by combustion.
Generally accepted engineer standard: a specification, rule, guide, or procedure in the filed of engineer, or related thereto, recognized and accepted as authoritative.
Grade: the finished ground level adjoining a building at all exterior walls.
Guest room: any room or rooms used or intended to be used by a guest for sleeping purposes.
Heat capacity: the amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of a given mass 1°C (1°F). Numerically, the heat capacity per unit area of surface (W/m2-°C [Btu/ft2-°F]) is the sum of the products of the mass per unit area of each individual material in the roof, wall, or floor surface multiplied by its individual specific heat.
Heating Seasonal Performance Factor (HSPF): the total heating output of a heat pump during its normal annual usage period for heating (in Btu) divided by the total electric energy input during the same period.
Historic: a building or space that has been specifically designed as historically significant.
HVAC system: the equipment, distribution systems, and terminals that provide, either collectively or individually, the processes of heating, ventilating, or air conditioned to a building or portion of a building.
Infiltration: the uncontrolled inward air leakage through cracks and crevices in any building element and around windows and doors of a building caused by pressure differences across these elements due to factors such as wind, inside and outside temperature differences (stack effect), and imbalance between supply and exhaust air systems.
Installed interior lighting power; the power in watts of all permanently installed general, task, and furniture lighting systems and luminaires.
Integrated part-load value (IPLV): a single number figure of merit based on part-load
EER, COP, or KW/ton expressing part-load efficiency for air-conditioning and heat pump equipment on the basis of weighted operation at various load capacities for the equipment.
Kilovolt-ampere (kVA): where the term “kilovolt-ampere” (kVA) is used in this standard, it is the product of the line current (amperes) times the nominal system voltage (kilovolts) times 1.732 for three-phase currents. For single-phase applications, kVA is the product of the line current (amperes) times the nominal system voltage (kilovolts).
Kilowatt (kW): the basic unit of electric power, equal to 1000 W.
Labeled: equipment or materials to which a symbol or other identifying mark has been attached by the manufacturer indicating compliance with specified standard or performance in a specified manner.
Lamp: a generic term for man-made light source often called bulb or tube.
Lighted floor area, gross: the gross floor area of lighted spaces.
Lighting, decorative: lighting that is purely ornamental and installed for aesthetic effect. Decorative lighting shall not include general lighting.
Lighting, emergency: lighting that provides illumination only when there is a general lighting failure.
Lighting, general: lighting that provides a substantially uniform level of illumination throughout an area. General lighting shall not include decorative lighting or lighting that provides a dissimilar level of illumination to serve a specialized application or feature within such area.
Lighting Efficacy (LE): the quotient of the total lumens emitted from a lamp or lamp/ballast combination divided by the watts of input power, expressed in lumens per watt.
Lighting system: a group of luminaires circuited or controlled to perform a specific function.
Lighting power allowance:
(a) Interior lighting power allowance: the maximum lighting power in watts allowed for the interior of a building
(b) Exterior lighting power allowance: the maximum lighting power in watts allowed for the exterior of a building
Lighting Power Density (LPD): the maximum lighting power per unit of area of a building classification of space function.
Low-rise residential: single-family houses, multi-family structures of three stories or fewer above grade, manufactured houses (mobile homes), and manufactured houses (modular).
Luminaries: a complete lighting unit consisting of a lamp or lamps together with the housing designed to distribute the light, position and protect the lamps, and connect the lamps to the power supply.
Manual (non-automatic): requiring personal intervention for control. Non-automatic does not necessarily imply a manual controller, only that personal intervention is necessary.
Manufacturer: the company engaged in the original production and assembly of products or equipment or a company that purchases such products and equipment manufactured in accordance with company specifications.
Mean temperature: one-half the sum of the minimum daily temperature and maximum daily temperature.
Mechanical cooling: reducing the temperature of a gas or liquid by using vapor compression, absorption, desiccant dehumidification combined with evaporative cooling, or another energy-driven thermodynamic cycle. Indirect of direct evaporative cooling alone is not considered mechanical cooling.
Metering: instruments that measure electric voltage, current, power, etc. Multifamily high-rise: multifamily structures of four or more stories above grade Multifamily low-rise: multifamily structures of three or less stories above grade
Multiplication factor (M): indicates the relative reduction in annual solar cooling load from overhangs and/or side fins with given projection factors, relative to the respective horizontal and vertical fenestration dimensions.
Non-automatic: see manual.
Occupant sensor: a device that detects the presence or absence of people within an area and causes lighting, equipment, or appliances to be regulated accordingly.
Opaque: all areas in the building envelope, except fenestration and building service openings such as vents and grilles.
Orientation: the direction an envelope element faces, i.e., the direction of a vector perpendicular to and pointing away from the surface outside of the element. For vertical fenestration, the two categories are north-oriented and all other.
Outdoor (outside) air: air that is outside the building envelope or is taken form the outside the building that has not been previously circulated through the building.
Overcurrent: any current in excess of the rated current of the equipment of the ampacity of the conductor. It may result form overload, short circuit, or ground fault.
Packaged Terminal Air Conditioner (PTAC): a factory-selected wall sleeve and separate unencased combination of heating and cooling components, assemblies, or sections. It may include heating capability by hot water, steam, or electricity, and is intended for mounting through the wall to service a single room or zone.
Party wall: a firewall on an interior lot line used or adapted for joint service between two buildings.
Permanently installed: equipment that is fixed in place and is not portable or movable.
Plenum: a compartment or chamber to which one or more ducts are connected, that forms a part of the air distribution system, and that is not used for occupancy or storage. A plenum often is formed in part or in total by portions for the building.
Pool: any structure, basin, or tank containing an artificial body of water for swimming, diving, or recreational bathing. The terms include, but no limited to, swimming pool, whirlpool, spa, hot tub.
Process load: the load on a building resulting form the consumption or release of process energy.
Projection factor, overhang: the ratio of the horizontal depth of the external shading projection divided by the sum of the height of the fenestration and the distance from the top of the fenestration to the bottom of the farthest point of the external shading projection, in consistent units.
Projection factor, sidefin: the ratio of the horizontal depth of the external shading projection divided by the distance from the window jamb to the farthest point of the external shading projection, in consistent units.
R- value (thermal resistance): the reciprocal of the time rate of heat flow through a unit area induced by a unit temperature difference between two defined surfaces of material or construction under steady-state conditions. Units of R are m2-°C/W (h-ft2-°F/Btu). For the prescriptive building envelope option, R-value is for the insulation alone and does not include building materials or air films.
Readily accessible: capable of being reached quickly for operation, renewal, or inspections without requiring those to whom ready access is requisite to climb over or remove obstacles or to resort to portable ladders, chairs, etc. In public facilities, accessibility may be limited to certified personnel through locking covers or by placing equipment in locked rooms.
Recirculating system: a domestic or service hot water distribution system that includes a close circulation circuit designed to maintain usage temperatures in hot water pipes near terminal devices (e.g., lavatory faucets, shower heads) in order to reduce the time required to obtain hot water when the terminal device valve is opened. The motive force for circulation is either natural (due to water density variations with temperature) or mechanical (recirculation pump).
Reflectance: the ratio of the light reflected by a surface to the light incident upon it
Resistance, electric: the property of an electric circuit or of any object used as part of an electric circuit that determines for a given circuit the rate at which electric energy is converted into heat or radiant energy and that has a value such that the product of the resistance and the square of the current gives the rate of conversion of energy
Reset: automatic adjustment of the controller set point to a higher or lower value
Residential: spaces in buildings used primarily for living and sleeping. Residential spaces include, but are not limited to, dwelling units, hotel/motel guest rooms, dormitories, nursing homes, patient rooms in hospitals, lodging houses, fraternity/sorority houses, hostels, prisons, and fire stations.
Roof: the upper portion of the building envelope, including opaque areas and fenestration, that is horizontal or tilted at an angle of less than 60° from horizontal
Roof area, gross: the area of the roof measured from the exterior faces of walls or from the centerline of party walls
Service: the equipment for delivering energy from the supply or distribution system to the premises served
Service water heating: heating water for domestic or commercial purposes other than space heating and process requirements
Set point: point at which the desired temperature (°F) of the heated or cooled space is set
Shading Coefficient (SC): the ratio of solar heat gain at normal incidence through glazing to that occurring through 3 mm (1/8 in) thick clear, double-strength glass. Shading coefficient, as used herein, does not include interior, exterior, or integral shading devices
Simulation program: a computer program that is capable of simulating the energy performance of building systems
Single-zone system: an HVAC system serving a single HVAC zone
Site-recovered energy: waste energy recovered at the building site that is used to offset consumption of purchased fuel or electrical energy supplies
slab-on-grade floor: that portion of a slab floor of the building envelope that is in contact with ground and that is either above grade or is less than or equal to 24 in below the final elevation of the nearest exterior grade
Solar energy source: source of thermal, chemical, or electrical energy derived from direction conversion of incident solar radiation at the building site.
Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC): the ratio of the solar heat gain entering the space through the fenestration area to the incident solar radiation. Solar heat gain includes directly transmitted solar heat and absorbed solar radiation, which is then reradiated, conducted, or convected into the space.
Space: an enclosed space within a building. The classifications of spaces are as follows for the purpose of determining building envelope requirements.
(a) Conditioned space: a cooled space, heated space, or directly conditioned space.
(b) Semi-heated space: an enclosed space within a building that is heated by a heating system whose output capacity is greater or equal to 10.7 W/m2 (3.4 Btu/h-ft2) of floor area but is not a conditioned space.
(c) An enclosed space within a building that is not conditioned space or a semi-heated space. Crawlspaces, attics, and parking garages with natural or mechanical ventilation are not considered enclosed spaces.
Story: portion of a building that is between one finished floor level and the next higher finished floor level or the roof, provided, however, that a basement or cellar shall not be considered a story.
System: a combination of equipment and auxiliary devices (e.g., controls, accessories, interconnecting means, and terminal elements) by which energy is transformed so it performs a specific function such as HVAC, service water heating, or lighting.
System, existing: a system or systems previously installed in an existing building.
Terminal: a device by which energy form a system is finally delivered, e.g., registers, diffusers, lighting fixtures, faucets, etc.
Thermal block: a collection of one or more HVAC zones grouped together for simulation purposes. Spaces need not be contiguous to be combined within a single thermal block.
U- factor (Thermal Transmittance): heat transmission in unit time through unit area of a material or construction and the boundary air films, induced by unit temperature difference between the environments on each side. Units of U are W/m2-oC (Btu/h-ft2-°F).
Thermostat: an automatic control device used to maintain temperature at a fixed or adjustable set point.
Tinted: (as applied to fenestration) bronze, green, or grey coloring that is integral with the glazing material. Tinting does not include surface applied films such as reflective coatings, applied either in the field or during the manufacturing process.
Transformer: a piece of electrical equipment used to convert electric power from one voltage to another voltage
Variable Air Volume (VAV) system: HVAC system that controls the dry-bulb temperature within a space by varying the volumetric flow of heated or cooled supply air to the space
Vent damper: a device intended for installation in the venting system or an individual, automatically operated, fossil fuel-fired appliance in the outlet or downstream of the appliance draft control device, which is designed to automatically open the venting system when the appliance is in operation and to automatically close off the venting system when the appliance is in standby or shutdown condition.
Ventilation: the process of supplying or removing air by natural or mechanical means to or from any space. Such air is not required to have been conditioned.
Wall: that portion of the building envelope, including opaque area and fenestration, that is vertical or tilted at an angle of 60° from horizontal or greater. This includes above- and below-grade walls, between floor spandrels, peripheral edges of floors, and foundation walls.
(a) wall, above grade: a wall that is not below grade
(b) wall, below grade: that portion of a wall in the building envelope that is entirely below the finish grade and in contact with the ground
Wall area, gross: the overall area off a wall including openings such as windows and doors, measured horizontally from outside surface to outside service and measured vertically from the top of the floor to the top of the roof. If roof insulation is installed at the ceiling level rather than the roof, then the vertical measurement is made to the top of the ceiling. (Note that § 4.3.1 does not allow roof insulation to be located on a suspended ceiling with removable ceiling panels.) The gross wall area includes the area between the ceiling and the floor for multi-story buildings.
Water heater: vessel in which water is heated and is withdrawn for use external to the system.
Zone, HVAC: A space or group of spaces within a building with heating and cooling requirements that are sufficiently similar so that desired conditions (e.g., temperature) can be maintained throughout using a single sensor (e.g., thermostat or temperature sensor).
9.3 Abbreviations and Acronyms
AFUE Annual fuel utilization efficiency
ANSI American National Standards Institute
ARI Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute
ASHRAE American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials
BIS Bureau of Indian Standards
Btu British thermal unit
Btu/h British thermal units per hour
Btu/ft2-°F British thermal units per square foot per degree Fahrenheit Btu/h-ft2 British thermal units per hour per square foot
Btu/h-ft-°F British thermal units per lineal foot per degree Fahrenheit
Btu/h-ft2-°F British thermal units per hour per square foot per degree Fahrenheit C Celsius
cfm cubic feet per minute
cm centimeter
COP coefficient of performance
DOE U.S. Department of Energy
EER energy efficiency ratio
EF energy factor
F Fahrenheit
ft foot
h hour
HC heat capacity
h-ft2-°F/Btu hour per square foot per degree Fahrenheit per British thermal unit h-m2-°C/W hour per square meter per degree Celsius per Watt
hp horsepower
HSPF heating seasonal performance factor HVAC heating, ventilation, and air conditioning I-P inch-pound
in. inch
IPLV integrated part-load value
kVA kilovolt-ampere
kW kilowatt
kWh kilowatt-hour
LE lighting efficacy
lin linear
lin ft linear foot
lin m linear meter
lm lumen
LPD lighting power density
m meter
mm millimeter
NAECA National Appliance Energy Conservation Act PF projection factor
PTAC packaged terminal air conditioner
R R-value (thermal resistance)
SC shading coefficient
SHGC solar heat gain coefficient
SL standby loss
VAV variable air volume
VLT visible light transmission
W watt
W/ft2 watts per square feet
W/m2 watts per square meter
W/m2-°C watts per square meter per degree Celsius W/m2 watts per hour per square meter
W/m-°C watts per lineal meter per degree Celsius
W/m2-°C watts per hour per square meter per degree Celsius Wh watthour
10. Appendix B – Whole Building Performance Method
10.1 General
10.1.1 Scope
The whole building performance method is an alternative to the prescriptive requirements contained in § 1 through § 1 of this standard. It applies for all building types covered by the standard.
10.1.2 Compliance
A building complies with the whole building performance method when the estimated annual energy use of the proposed design is less than the standard design, even though it may not comply with the specific requirements of the prescriptive requirements in § 1 through § 1.
The mandatory requirements of § 1 through § 1 (§ 4.2, § 5.2, § 6.2, § 7.2 and § 8.2) shall be satisfied with the whole building performance method.
10.1.3 Annual Energy Use
Annual energy use for the purposes of the whole building performance method shall be calculated in kilowatt-hours (kWh) of electricity use per year. Energy sources other than electricity which are used is used in the building shall be converted to kWh of electric energy at the rate of 0.75 kWh per megaJoule.
10.1.4 Trade-offs Limited to Building Permit
The whole building performance method may be used for building permit applications that include less than the whole building; however, any design parameters that are not part of the building permit application shall be identical for both the proposed design and the standard design. Future improvements to the building shall comply with both the mandatory and prescriptive requirements.
10.1.5 Documentation Requirements
Compliance shall be documented and submitted to the authority having jurisdiction. The information submitted shall include the following:
(a) The annual energy use for the proposed design and the standard design.
(b) A list of the energy-related building features in the proposed design that are different from the standard design.
(c) The input and output report(s) from the simulation program including a breakdown of energy usage by at least the following components: lights, internal equipment loads, service water heating equipment, space heating equipment, space cooling and heat rejection equipment, fans, and other HVAC equipment (such as pumps). The output reports shall also show the amount of time any loads are not met by the HVAC system for both the proposed design and standard design.
(d) An explanation of any error messages noted in the simulation program output.
10.2 Simulation General Requirements
10.2.1 Energy Simulation Program
The simulation program shall be a computer-based program for the analysis of energy consumption in buildings and be approved by the authority having jurisdiction. The simulation program and shall model the following:
(a) Energy flows on an hourly basis for all 8,760 hours in the year,
(b) Hourly variations in occupancy, lighting power, miscellaneous equipment power, thermostat setpoints, and HVAC system operation, defined separately for each day of the week and holidays,
(c) Thermal mass effects,
(d) Ten or more thermal zones,
(e) Part-load and temperature dependent performance of heating and cooling equipment,
(f) Air-side and water-side economizers with integrated control, and
(g) All of the standard design characteristics specified in this chapter.
10.2.2 Climatic Data
The simulation program shall use hourly values of climatic data, such as temperature and humidity from representative climatic data, for the city in which the proposed design is to be located. For cities or urban regions with several climatic data entries, and for locations where weather data are not available, the designer shall select available weather data that best represent the climate at the construction site.
10.2.3 Compliance Calculations
The proposed design and standard design shall be calculated using the following:
(a) Same simulation program,
(b) Same weather data, and
(c) Same building operation assumptions (thermostat setpoints, schedules, internal gains, occupant loads, etc.).
10.3 Calculating the Energy Consumption of the Proposed Design and the Standard Design
10.3.1 The simulation model for calculating the proposed design and the standard design shall be developed in accordance with the requirements in Table 10.3.1.
10.3.2 HVAC Systems
The HVAC system type and related performance parameters for the standard design shall be determined from Table 10.3.2 and the following rules:
10.3.3 Other Components
Components and parameters not listed in Table 10.3.2 or otherwise specifically addressed in this subsection shall be identical to those in the proposed design.
Exception to § 10.3.2(a): Where there are specific requirements in § 0, the component efficiency in the standard design shall be adjusted to the lowest efficiency level allowed by the requirement for that component type.
(a) All HVAC and service water heating equipment in the standard design shall be modeled at the minimum efficiency levels, both part load and full load, in accordance with § 0.
(b) Where efficiency ratings, such as EER and COP, include fan energy, the descriptor shall be broken down into its components so that supply fan energy can be modeled separately.
(c) Minimum outdoor air ventilation rates shall be the same for both the standard design and the proposed design.
(d) The equipment capacities for the standard design shall be sized proportionally to the capacities in the proposed design based on sizing runs; i.e., the ratio between the capacities used in the annual simulations and the capacities determined by the sizing runs shall be the same for both the proposed design and standard design. Unmet load hours for the proposed design shall not differ from unmet load hours for the standard design by more than 50 hours.
Table 10.3.1 Modeling Requirements for Calculating Proposed and Standard Design
- Design Model (a) The simulation model of the proposed
design shall be consistent with the design documents, including proper accounting of fenestration and opaque envelope types and area; interior lighting power and controls; HVAC system types, sizes, and controls; and service water heating systems and controls.
(b) When the whole building performance method is applied to buildings in which energy-related features have not yet been designed (e.g., a lighting system), those yet-to-be-designed features shall be described in the proposed design so that they minimally comply with applicable mandatory and prescriptive requirements from § 1 through § 1.
The standard design shall be developed by modifying the proposed design as described in this table. Except as specifically instructed in this table, all building systems and equipment shall be modeled identically in the standard design and proposed design.
- Space Use Classification
The building type or space type classifications shall be chosen in accordance with § 7.3.1 or § 7.3.2. More than one building type category may be used in a building if it is a mixed-use facility.
Same as proposed design.
- Schedules The schedules shall be typical of the proposed building type as determined by the designer and approved by the authority having jurisdiction.
- Building Envelope All components of the building envelope in
the proposed design shall be modeled as shown on architectural drawings or as installed for existing building envelopes.
Exceptions: The following building elements are permitted to differ from architectural drawings.
(a) Any envelope assembly that covers less than 5% of the total area of that assembly type (e.g., exterior walls) need not be separately described. If not separately described, the area of an envelope assembly must be added to the area of the adjacent assembly of that same type.
(b) Exterior surfaces whose azimuth orientation and tilt differ by no more than 45 degrees and are otherwise the same may be described as either a single surface or by using multipliers.
(c) For exterior roofs other than roofs with ventilated attics, the reflectance and emittance of the roof surface shall be modeled. The reflectance and emittance shall be tested in accordance with § 4.3.1.1.
(d) Manually operated fenestration shading devices such as blinds or shades shall not be modeled. Permanent shading devices such as fins, overhangs, and lightshelves shall be modeled.
Same as proposed design.
The standard design shall have identical conditioned floor area and identical exterior dimensions and orientations as the proposed design, except as noted in (a), (b), (c), and (d) below.
(a) Orientation. The baseline building performance shall be generated by simulating the building with its actual orientation and again after rotating the entire building 90, 180, 270 degrees, then averaging the results. The building shall be modeled so that it does not shade itself.
(b) Opaque assemblies such as roof, floors, doors, and walls shall be modeled as having the same heat capacity as the proposed design but with the minimum U-factor required in § 4.3.1 and § 4.3.2.
(c) Fenestration— Fenestration areas shall equal that in the proposed design or 40% of gross above grade wall area, whichever is smaller, and shall be distributed uniformly in horizontal bands across the four orientations. No shading projections are to be modeled; fenestration shall be assumed to be flush with the exterior wall or roof. Manually operated fenestration shading devices such as blinds or shades shall not be modeled. Fenestration U- factor shall be the minimum required for the climate, and the solar heat gain coefficient shall be the maximum allowed for the climate and orientation.
(d) Roof albedo. All roof surfaces shall be modeled with a reflectivity of 0.30
- Lighting Lighting power in the proposed design shall be determined as follows:
(a) Where a complete lighting system
Lighting power in the standard design shall be determined using the same categorization procedure (building area or space function) and categories as the proposed design with
exists, the actual lighting power shall be used in the model.
(b) Where a lighting system has been designed, lighting power shall be determined in accordance with either § 7.3.1 or § 7.3.2.
(c) Where no lighting exists or is specified, lighting power shall be determined in accordance with the § 7.3.1 for the appropriate building type.
(d) Lighting system power shall include all lighting system components shown or provided for on plans (including lamps, ballasts, task fixtures, and furniture- mounted fixtures).
- HVAC Systems The HVAC system type and all related
performance parameters, such as equipment capacities and efficiencies, in the proposed design shall be determined as follows:
(a) Where a complete HVAC system exists, the model shall reflect the actual system type using actual component capacities and efficiencies.
(b) Where an HVAC system has been designed, the HVAC model shall be consistent with design documents. Mechanical equipment efficiencies shall be adjusted from actual design conditions to the standard rating conditions specified in
§ 0, if required by the simulation model.
(c) Where no heating system exists or no heating system has been specified, the heating system shall be modeled as electric resistance. The system characteristics shall be identical to the system modeled in the standard design.
(d) Where no cooling system exists or no cooling system has been specified, the cooling system shall be modeled as an air- cooled single-zone system, one unit per thermal block. The system characteristics shall be identical to the system modeled in the standard design.
- Service Hot Water The service hot water system type and all
related performance parameters, such as equipment capacities and efficiencies, in the proposed design shall be determined as follows:
(a) Where a complete service hot water system exists, the model shall reflect the actual system type using actual component capacities and efficiencies.
(b) Where a service hot water system has been designed, the service hot water model shall be consistent with design documents.
(c) Where no service hot water system exists or is specified, no service hot water heating shall be modeled.
- Miscellaneous Loads Receptacle, motor, and process loads shall
be modeled and estimated based on the building type or space type category.
These loads shall be included in
lighting power set equal to the maximum allowed for the corresponding method and category in either § 7.3.1 or § 7.3.2. Power for fixtures not included in the lighting power density calculation shall be modeled identically in the proposed design and standard design. Lighting controls shall be the minimum required.
The HVAC system type and related performance parameters for the standard design shall be determined from Table §
10.3.2. Equipment performance shall meet the requirements of § 0.
The water heating system shall be of the same type of the proposed design.
For residential facilities, hotels and hospitals the standard design shall have a solar system capable of meeting 20% of the design load.
Systems shall meet the efficiency requirements of § 6.2.2, the pipe insulation requirements of § 6.2.4 and incorporate heat traps in accordance with § 6.2.5.
Receptacle, motor and process loads shall be modeled the same as the proposed design. The water heating system shall be of the same type of the proposed design.
simulations of the building and shall be
- Modeling Limitations to the Simulation Program
included when calculating the standard design and proposed design. All end-use load components within and associated with the building shall be modeled, unless specifically excluded by Sections 13 and 14 of this table (see below), but not limited to, exhaust fans, parking garage ventilation fans, exterior building lighting, swimming pool heaters and pumps, elevators and escalators, refrigeration equipment, and cooking equipment.
If the simulation program cannot model a component or system included in the proposed design, one of the following methods shall be used with the approval of the authority having jurisdiction:
(a) Ignore the component if the energy impact on the trade-offs being considered is not significant.
(b) Model the component substituting a thermodynamically similar component model.
(c) Model the HVAC system components or systems using the standard design’s HVAC system in accordance with Section 6 of this table.
Whichever method is selected, the component shall be modeled identically for both the proposed design and standard design models.
Same as proposed design.
Table 10.3.2-2 HVAC Systems Map
Residential
More than 3 stories
Less than 3 floors or less than 7,500 m²
Nonresidential
4 or 5 floors or less than 7,500 m² or
5 floors or less and 7,500–15,000 m²
More than 5 floors or more than 15,000 mt²
System type Packaged terminal air conditioner
Packaged rooftop air conditioner
Central cooling plant with constant volume AHU for each zone
Central cooling plant with constant volume AHU for each zone
Fan control Constant Volume Constant volume Constant volume air
handler for each zone
Cooling type Direct expansion Direct expansion Air cooled
reciprocating chiller
Constant volume air handler for each zone
Water cooled centrifugal chiller
Heating type Electric resistance Electric resistance Electric resistance Electric resistance
11. Appendix C - IP Table Conversions
Table 4.3.1 Roof U-factor Requirements (U-factor in Btu/h-ft2-oF)
Climate Zone | 24-Hour | Daytime |
Composite | 0.046 | 0.072 |
Hot and Dry | 0.046 | 0.072 |
Warm and Humid | 0.046 | 0.072 |
Moderate | 0.072 | 0.072 |
Cold | 0.046 | 0.072 |
Table 4.3.2 Wall U-factor Requirements (U-factor in Btu/h-ft2-oF)
Climate Zone | 24-Hour | Daytime |
Composite | 0.062 | 0.062 |
Hot and Dry | 0.065 | 0.062 |
Warm and Humid | 0.062 | 0.062 |
Moderate | 0.076 | 0.070 |
Cold | 0.065 | 0.062 |
Table 4.3.3 Fenestration U-factor Requirements (U-factor in Btu/h-ft2-oF)
Climate | U-factor | SHGC |
Composite | 0.56 | 0.25 |
Hot and Dry | 0.56 | 0.25 |
Warm and Humid | 0.56 | 0.25 |
Moderate | 1.22 | 0.40 |
Cold | 0.72 | 0.51 |
Table 5.2.2-3 Heat Pumps Heating Mode
Equipment Type | Size Category (Input) | Subcategory or Rating Condition | Performance Requireda | Test Procedureb |
Air Cooled (Heating Mode) | <65,000 Btu/h (Cooling Capacity) | Split System | 6.8 HSPF (before 1/23/2006) 7.4 HSPF | ARI 210/240 |
| | | (as of 1/23/2006) | |
| | Single Package | 6.6 HSPF | |
| | | (before 1/23/2006) | |
| | | 7.4 HSPF | |
| | | (as of 1/23/2006) | |
Air Cooled (Heating Mode) | ≥65,000 Btu/h and <135,000 Btu/h | 47°F db/43°F wb Outdoor air | 3.2 COP | ARI 340/360 |
| (Cooling Capacity) | 17°F db/15°F wb | 2.2 COP | |
| | Outdoor Air | | |
| ≥135,000 Btu/h (Cooling Capacity) | 47°F db/43°F wb Outdoor air | 3.1 COP | |
| | 17°F db/15°F wb | 2.0 COP | |
| | Outdoor Air | | |
a IPLVs and Part load rating conditions are only applicable to equipment with capacity modulation.
Table 5.2.2-4 Furnaces | | Equipment Type | Size Category (Input) | Subcategory or Rating Condition | Performance Requireda | Test Procedureb | Warm Air Furnace, Gas- Fired | <225,000 Btu/h | | 78% AFUE or 80% E d | DOE 10 CFR Part 430 or | | | | | ANSI Z21.47 | | ≥225,000 Btu/h | Maximum Capacitye | 80% Ecc | ANSA Z21.47 | Warm Air Furnace, Oil- Fired | <225,000 Btu/h | | 78% AFUE or 80% E d | DOE 10 CFR Part 430 or | | | | | ANSI Z21.47 |
|
|
b Section 12 of ASHRAE 90.1-2004 contains a complete specification of the referenced test procedure, including the referenced year version of the test procedure.
t
t
Warm- Air Duct Furnaces, Gas-Fired
Warm Air Unit Heaters, Gas-Fired
Warm Air Unit Heaters, Oil-Fired
≥225,000 Btu/h Maximum Capacitye 81% Et UL 727 All Capacities Maximum Capacitye 80% Ecg ANSI Z83.9
All Capacities Maximum Capacitye 80% Ecg ANSI Z83.8 All Capacities Maximum Capacitye 80% Ecg UL 731
a Et = thermal efficiency. See test procedure for detailed discussion.
b Section 12 of ASHRAE 90.1-2004 contains a complete specification of the referenced test procedure, including the referenced year version of the test procedure.
c Ec = combustion efficiency. Units must also include an interrupted or intermittent ignition device (IID), have jacket losses not exceeding 0.75% of the input rating, and have either power venting or a flue damper. A vent damper is an acceptable alternative to a flue damper for those furnaces where combustion air is drawn from the conditioned space.
d Combination units not covered by NAECA (3-phase power or cooling capacity greater than or equal to 65,000 Btu/h may comply with either rating.
e Minimum and maximum ratings as provided for and allowed by the unit’s controls.
f Et = thermal efficiency. Units must also include and interrupted or intermittent ignition device (IDD), have jacket losses not exceeding 0.75% of the input rating, and have either power venting or a flue damper. A vent damper is an acceptable alternativ3 to a flue damper for those furnaces where combustion air is drawn form the conditioned space.
g Ec = combustion efficiency (100% less flue losses). See test procedure for detailed discussion.
Boilers, Gas-Fired
<300,000 Btu/h
Hot Water 80% AFUE
DOE 10 CFR
≥300,000 Btu/h and
≤2,500,00 Btu/h
Maximum Capacityd 75% E b
H.I. Htg Boiler Std.
Boilers, Oil-Fired
>2,500,000 Btu/ha Hot Water 80% Ec
>2,500,000 Btu/ha Steam 80% Ec
<300,000 Btu/h 80% AFUE DOE 10 CFR
Part 430
≥300,000 Btu/h and
≤2,500,00 Btu/h
Maximum Capacityd 78% E b
H.I. Htg Boiler Std.
>2,500,000 Btu/ha Hot Water 83% Ec
>2,500,000 Btu/ha Steam 83% Ec
Oil-Fired (Residual) ≥300,000 Btu/h and
≤2,500,00 Btu/h
Maximum Capacityd 78% E b
H.I. Htg Boiler Std.
>2,500,000 Btu/ha Hot Water 83% Ec
>2,500,000 Btu/ha Steam 83% Ec
a These requirements apply to boilers with rated input of 8,000,000 Btu/h or less that are not packaged boilers, and to all packaged boilers. Minimum efficiency requirements for boilers cover all capacities of packaged boilers.
b Et = thermal efficiency. See reference document for detailed information.
c Section 12 of ASHRAE 90.1-2004 contains a complete specification of the referenced test procedure, including the referenced year version of the test procedure.
d Minimum and maximum ratings as provided for and allowed by the unit’s controls.
Table 6.2.2 Minimum Efficiencies for Service Water Heating Equipment
Equipment Type | Size Category (Input) | Subcategory or Rating Condition | Performance Requireda | Test Procedureb |
Electric Water Heaters | ≤12 kW | Resistance ≥ 20 gal | 0.93-0.00132V EF | DOE 10 CFR Part 430 |
| >12 kW | Resistance ≥20 gal | 20 + 35 √V SL, Btu/h | ANSI Z21.10.3 |
| ≤24 Amps and ≤250 Volts | Heat Pump | 0.93-0.00132V EF | DOE 10 CFR Part 430 |
Gas Storage Water Heaters | ≤75,000 Btu/h | ≥20 gal | 0.62-0.0019V EF | DOE 10 CFR Part 430 |
| >75,000 Btu/h | <4000 (Btu/h)/gal | 80% Et (Q/800 + 110 √V ) SL, Btu/h | ANSI Z21.10.3 |
Gas Instantaneous Water Heaters | >50,000 Btu/h and <200,000 Btu/h | ≥4000 (Btu/h)/gal and <2 gal | 0.62-0.0019V EF | DOE 10 CFR Part 430 |
| ≥200,000 Btu/hc | ≥4000 (Btu/h)/gal and <10 gal | 80% Et | ANSI Z21.10.3 |
| ≥200,000 Btu/h | ≥4000 (Btu/h)/gal and ≥10 gal | 80% Et (Q/800 + 110 √V ) SL, Btu/h | |
Oil Storage Water Heaters | ≤105,000 Btu/h | ≥20 gal | 0.59-0.0019V EF | DOE 10 CFR Part 430 |
| >105,000 Btu/h | <4000 (Btu/h)/gal | 78% Et (Q/800 + 110 √V ) SL, Btu/h | ANSI Z21.10.3 |
Oil Instantaneous Water Heaters | ≤210,000 Btu/h | ≥4000 (Btu/h)/gal and <2 gal | 0.59-0.0019V EF | DOE 10 CFR Part 430 |
| >210,000 Btu/h | ≥4000 (Btu/h)/gal and <10 gal | 80% Et | ANSI Z21.10.3 |
| >210,000 Btu/h | ≥4000 (Btu/h)/gal and ≥10 gal | 78% Et (Q/800 + 110 √V ) SL, Btu/h | |
Hot Water Supply Boilers, Gas and Oil | ≥300,000 Btu/h and <12,500,000 Btu/h | ≥4000 (Btu/h)/gal and <10 gal | 80% Et | ANSI Z21.10.3 |
Hot Water Supply Boilers, Gas | | ≥4000 (Btu/h)/gal and ≥10 gal | 80% Et (Q/800 + 110 √V ) SL, Btu/h | |
Hot Water Supply Boilers, Oil | | ≥4000 (Btu/h)/gal and ≥10 gal | 78% Et (Q/800 + 110 √V ) SL, Btu/h | |
Pool Heaters Oil and Gas | All | | 78% Et | ASHRAE 146 |
Heat Pump Pool Heaters | All | | 4.0 COP | ASHRAE 146 |
Unfired Storage | All | | R-12.5 | (none) |
Tanks | | | | |
a Energy factor (EF) and thermal efficiency (Et) are minimum requirements, while standby loss (SL) is maximum Btu/h based on a 70°F temperature difference between stored water and ambient requirements. In the EF equation, V is the rated volume in gallons. In the SL equation, V is the rated volume in gallons and Q is the nameplate input rate in Btu/h.
b Section 12 of ASHRAE 09.1-2004 contains a complete specification, including the year version, of the referenced test procedure.
c Instantaneous water heaters with input rates below 200,000 Btu/h must comply with these requirements if the water heater is designed to heat water to temperatures 180°F or higher.
Table 7.3.1 Interior Lighting Power - Building Area Method
Building Area Type | LPD (W/ft2) | Building Area Type | LPD (W/ft2) |
Automotive Facility | 0.9 | Multifamily | 0.7 |
Convention Center | 1.2 | Museum | 1.1 |
Court House | 1.2 | Office | 1.0 |
Dining: Bar Lounge/Leisure | 1.3 | Parking Garage | 0.3 |
Dining: Cafeteria/Fast Food | 1.4 | Penitentiary | 1.0 |
Dining: Family | 1.6 | Performing Arts Theater | 1.6 |
Dormitory | 1.0 | Police/Fire Station | 1.0 |
Exercise Center | 1.0 | Post Office | 1.1 |
Gymnasium | 1.1 | Religious Building | 1.3 |
Healthcare-Clinic | 1.0 | Retail | 1.5 |
Hospital/Health Care | 1.2 | School/University | 1.2 |
Hotel | 1.0 | Sports Arena | 1.1 |
Library | 1.3 | Town Hall | 1.1 |
Manufacturing Facility | 1.3 | Transportation | 1.0 |
Motel | 1.0 | Warehouse | 0.8 |
Motion Picture Theater | 1.2 | Workshop | 1.4 |
Office-enclosed | 1.1 | Fire Stations | |
Office-open plan | 1.1 | Fire Station Engine Room | 0.8 |
Conference/Meeting/Multipurpose | 1.3 | Sleeping Quarters | 0.3 |
Classroom/Lecture/Training | 1.4 | Post Office – Seating Area | 1.2 |
Lobby | 1.3 | Convention Center – Exhibit Space | 1.3 |
For Hotel | 1.1 | Library | |
For Performing Arts Theater | 3.3 | Card File & Cataloging | 1.1 |
For Motion Picture Theater | 1.1 | Stacks | 1.7 |
Audience/Seating Area | 0.9 | Reading Area | 1.2 |
For Gymnasium | 0.4 | Hospital | |
For Exercise Center | 0.3 | Emergency | 2.7 |
For Convention Center | 0.7 | Recovery | 0.8 |
For Religious Buildings | 1.7 | Nurse Station | 1.0 |
For Sports Arena | 0.4 | Exam Treatment | 1.5 |
For Performing Arts Theater | 2.6 | Pharmacy | 1.2 |
For Motion Picture Theater | 1.2 | Patient Room | 0.7 |
For Transportation | 0.5 | Operating Room | 2.2 |
Atrium-first three floors | 0.6 | Nursery | 0.6 |
Atrium-each additional floor | 0.2 | Medical Supply | 1.4 |
Lounge/Recreation | 1.2 | Physical Therapy | 0.9 |
For Hospital | 0.8 | Radiology | 0.4 |
Dining Area | 0.9 | Laundry – Washing | 0.6 |
For Hotel | 1.3 | Automotive – Service Repair | 0.7 |
For Motel | 1.2 | Manufacturing | |
For Bar Lounge/Leisure Dining | 1.4 | Low Bay (<8m ceiling) | 1.2 |
For Family Dining | 2.1 | High Bay (>8m ceiling) | 1.7 |
Food Preparation | 1.2 | Detailed Manufacturing | 2.1 |
Laboratory | 1.4 | Equipment Room | 1.2 |
Restrooms | 0.9 | Control Room | 0.5 |
Dressing/Locker/Fitting Room | 0.6 | Hotel/Motel Guest Rooms | 1.1 |
Corridor/Transition | 0.5 | Dormitory – Living Quarters | 1.1 |
For Hospital | 1.0 | Museum | |
For Manufacturing Facility | 0.5 | General Exhibition | 1.0 |
Stairs-active | 0.6 | Restoration | 1.7 |
Active Storage | 0.8 | Bank Office – Banking Activity Area | 1.5 |
For Hospital | 0.9 | Religions Buildings | |
Inactive Storage | 0.3 | Worship-pulpit, choir | 2.4 |
For Museum | 0.8 | Fellowship Hall | 0.9 |
Electrical/Mechanical | 1.5 | Retail | |
Workshop | 1.9 | Sales Area | 1.7 |
| | Mall Concourse | 1.7 |
Sports Arena | |
Ring Sports Area | 2.7 |
Court Sports Area | 2.3 |
Indoor Field Area | 1.4 |
Warehouse | |
Fine Material Storage | 1.4 |
Medium/Bulky Material Storage | 0.9 |
Parking Garage – Garage Area | 0.2 |
Transportation | |
Airport – Concourse | 0.6 |
Air/Train/Bus – Baggage Area | 1.0 |
Terminal – Ticket Counter | 1.5 |
12. Appendix D – Default Values for Typical Constructions
12.1 Procedure for Determining Fenestration Product U-Factor and Solar Heat Gain Coefficient
§ 4.2.1.1 and § 4.2.1.2 require that U-factors and solar heat gain coefficients (SHGC) be determined for the overall fenestration product (including the sash and frame) in accordance with ISO 15099. The building envelope trade-off option in § 4.4 requires the use of visible light transmittance (VLT).
In several cases, ISO 15099 suggests that individual national standards will need to be more specific and in other cases the ISO document gives users the choice of two options. This section clarifies these specific issues as they are to be implemented for this code:
(a) § 4.1: For calculating the overall U-factor, ISO 15099 offers a choice between the linear thermal transmittance (4.1.2) and the area weighted method (4.1.3). The area weighted method (4.1.3) shall be used.
(b) § 4.2.2: Frame and divider SHGC’s shall be calculated in accordance with § 4.2.2. The alternate approach in § 8.6 shall not be used.
(c) § 6.4 refers the issue of material properties to national standards. Material conductivities and emissivities shall be determined in accordance with Indian standards.
(d) § 7 on shading systems is currently excluded.
(e) § 8.2 addresses environmental conditions. The following are defined for India: For U-factor calculations:
Tin = 21 °C Tout = -18 °C V = 5.5 m/s Trm,out=Tout Trm,in=Tin Is=0 W/m2
For SHGC calculations:
Tin = 24 °C
Tout = 32 °C V = 2.75 m/s Trm,out=Tout Trm,in=Tin Is=783 W/m2
(f) § 8.3 addresses convective film coefficients on the interior and exterior of the window product. In § 8.3.1, simulations shall use the heat transfer coefficient based on the center of glass temperature and the entire window height; this film coefficient shall be used on all indoor surfaces, including frame sections. In § 8.3.2, the formula from this section shall be applied to all outdoor exposed surfaces.
(g) § 8.4.2 presents two possible approaches for incorporating the impacts of self- viewing surfaces on interior radiative heat transfer calculations. Products shall use
the method in § 8.4.2.1 (Two-Dimensional Element To Element View Factor Based Radiation Heat Transfer Calculation). The alternate approach in § 8.4.3 shall not be used.
12.2 Default U-Factors and Solar Heat Gain Coefficients for Unrated Fenestration Products
All fenestration with U-factors, SHGC, or visible light transmittance determined, certified, and labeled in accordance ISO 15099 shall be assigned those values.
12.2.1 Unrated Vertical Fenestration. Unlabeled vertical fenestration, both operable and fixed, shall be assigned the U-factors, SHGCs, and visible light transmittances in Table 12.2.1.
Table 12.2.1Defaults for Unrated Vertical Fenestration (Overall Assembly including the Sash and Frame)
Clear Glass | | Tinted Glass |
Frame Type | Glazing Type | U-Factor (W/m2-oC) | SHGC | VLT | U-Factor (W/m2-oC) | SHGC | VLT |
All frame types | Single Glazing | 7.1 | 0.82 | 0.76 | 7.1 | 0.70 | 0.58 |
| Double Glazing | 3.4 | 0.56 | 0.56 | n/a | n/a | n/a |
Wood, vinyl, or fiberglass frame | Double Glazing | 3.4 | 0.59 | 0.64 | 3.4 | 0.42 | 0.39 |
| Triple Glazing | 2.6 | 0.52 | 0.57 | 2.6 | 0.34 | 0.21 |
Metal and other frame type | Double Glazing | 5.1 | 0.68 | 0.66 | 5.1 | 0.50 | 0.40 |
| Triple Glazing | 4.0 | 0.60 | 0.59 | 4.0 | 0.42 | 0.22 |
Exception to § 12.2.1: Until 31 December 2006, the following expanded default table is allowed to be used. However, if the Bureau of Indian Standards has not adopted a fenestration U-factor and SHGC rating and certification procedure by 30 June 2006, then this expanded default table is allowed to be used for six months after the date that the Bureau of Indian Standards adopts a fenestration U-factor and SHGC rating and certification procedure.
12.2.2 Unrated Sloped Glazing and Skylights
Unrated sloped glazing and skylights, both operable and fixed, shall be assigned the SHGCs and visible light transmittances in Table 12.2.1. To determine the default U-factor for unrated sloped glazing and skylights without a curb, multiply the values in Table 12.2.1 by 1.2. To determine the default U-factor for unrated skylights on a curb, multiply the values in Table
12.2.1 by 1.6.
12.3 Typical Roof Constructions
For calculating the overall U-factor of a typical roof construction, the U-factors from the typical wall construction type and effective U-factor for insulation shall be combined according to the following equation:
where
UTypicalRoof UTyipcalInsulation
UTotalRoof Total U-factor of the roof with insulation UTypical Roof U-factor of the roof from Table 12.3-1
UTypical Insulation U-factor of the effective insulation from Table 12.3-2.
Table 12.3-1 Defaults for Typical Roof Construction Types | |
Type | U-factor (W/m²-°K) | U-factor (Btu/h-ft²-°F) |
RCC slab with mud phuska and clay tiles | 2.797 | 0.493 |
RCC slab with foam concrete or perlite | 0.069 | 0.012 |
Inverted clay/pots with mud phuska | 2.244 | 0.396 |
Table 12.3-2 Defaults for Effective U-factor for Exterior Insulation Layers
| U-factor | U-factor |
Thickness | R-value | (W/m²-°K) | (Btu/h-ft²-°F) |
15 mm (0.5”) | 0.70 (4) | 1.420 | 0.250 |
20 mm (0.75”) | 1.06 (6) | 0.946 | 0.167 |
25 mm (1.0”) | 1.41 (8) | 0.710 | 0.125 |
40 mm (1.5”) | 2.11 (12) | 0.568 | 0.100 |
50 mm (2.0”) | 2.82 (16) | 0.406 | 0.071 |
65 mm (2.5”) | 3.52 (20) | 0.284 | 0.050 |
75 mm (3.0”) | 3.70 (21) | 0.270 | 0.048 |
12.4 Typical Wall Constructions
For calculating the overall U-factor of a typical wall construction, the U-factors from the typical wall construction type and effective U-factor for insulation shall be combined according to the following equation:
where
UTypicalWall UTyipcalInsulation
UTotalWall Total U-factor of the wall with insulation UTypical Wall U-factor of the wall from Table 12.4-1
UTypical Insulation U-factor of the effective insulation from Table 12.4-2 or Table 12.4-3
Table 12.4-1 Defaults for Typical Wall Construction Types | |
Type Description | U-factor (W/m²-°K) | U-factor (Btu/h-ft²-°F) |
Mass single wall Single wall with no insulation, plaster on both sides | 1.99 | 0.351 |
Mass double wall Double brick wall with air gap | 1.23 | 0.216 |
Curtain wall Curtain wall | 2.11 | 0.371 |
Table 12.4-2 Defaults for Effective U-factor for Exterior Insulation Layers
| U-factor | U-factor |
Thickness | R-value | (W/m²-°K) | (Btu/h-ft²-°F) |
15 mm (0.5”) | 0.70 (4) | 1.262 | 0.222 |
20 mm (0.75”) | 1.06 (6) | 0.874 | 0.154 |
25 mm (1.0”) | 1.41 (8) | 0.668 | 0.118 |
40 mm (1.5”) | 2.11 (12) | 0.454 | 0.080 |
50 mm (2.0”) | 2.82 (16) | 0.344 | 0.061 |
65 mm (2.5”) | 3.52 (20) | 0.277 | 0.049 |
75 mm (3.0”) | 3.70 (21) | 0.264 | 0.047 |
Table 12.4-3 Defaults for Effective U-factor for Interior Insulation Layers
| U-factor | U-factor |
Thickness | R-value | (W/m²-°K) | (Btu/h-ft²-°F) |
15 mm (0.5”) | 0.70 (4) | 4.732 | 0.833 |
20 mm (0.75”) | 1.06 (6) | 3.549 | 0.625 |
25 mm (1.0”) | 1.41 (8) | 2.988 | 0.526 |
40 mm (1.5”) | 2.11 (12) | 2.103 | 0.370 |
50 mm (2.0”) | 2.82 (16) | 1.670 | 0.294 |
65 mm (2.5”) | 3.52 (20) | 1.385 | 0.244 |
75 mm (3.0”) | 3.70 (21) | 1.183 | 0.208 |
13. Appendix E – Building Envelope Tradeoff Method
13.1.1 Equation 13.1
The envelope performance factor shall be calculated using the following equations.
EPFTotal = EPFRoof + EPFWall + EPFFenest
where
EPFRoof
= cRoof ∑UsAs
s=1
n n
EPFWall = cWall , Mass∑Us As + cWall ,Other ∑Us As
s =1 s =1
n n
EPFFenest = c1Fenest , North∑ SHGCwMw Aw + c2 Fenest , North∑Uw Aw +
c1Fenest , NonNorth∑ SHGCwMw Aw + c2 Fenest , NonNorth∑Uw Aw +
c1Fenest , Skylight ∑ SHGCsAs+ c2 Fenest , Skylight ∑UsAs
EPFRoof Envelope performance factor for roofs. Other subscripts include walls and fenestration.
As, Aw The area of a specific envelope component referenced by the subscript "s" or for windows the subscript "w".
SHGCw The solar heat gain coefficient for windows (w). SHGCs refers to skylights.
Mw A multiplier for the window SHGC that depends on the projection factor of an overhang or sidefin.
Us The U-factor for the envelope component referenced by the subscript "s". cRoof A coefficient for the "Roof" class of construction. Values of "c" are taken from
Table 13-1 through Table 13-5 for each class of construction.
| Daytime Occupancy 24-Hour Occupancy | U-factor SHGC U-factor SHGC |
|
|
Table 13-1 – Envelope Performance Factor Coefficients – Composite Climate
| | | | |
| | |
Mass Walls | 6.01 | - | 13.85 | - |
Curtain Walls, Other | 15.72 | - | 20.48 | - |
Roofs | 11.93 | - | 24.67 | - |
North Windows | -1.75 | 40.65 | -4.56 | 58.15 |
Non-North Windows | -1.25 | 54.51 | 0.68 | 86.57 |
Skylights | -96.35 | 311.71 | -294.66 | 918.77 |
Table 13-2 – Envelope Performance Factor Coefficients – Hot Dry Climate
Daytime Occupancy | 24-Hour Occupancy |
U-factor | SHGC | U-factor | SHGC |
| | | | |
Mass Walls 5.48 - 15.01 -
Curtain Walls, Other 6.38 - 22.06 -
Roofs 11.14 - 25.98 -
North Windows -2.40 36.57 -1.49 56.09
Non-North Windows -1.86 46.79 1.187 81.79
Skylights -96.27 309.33 -295.81 923.01
Table 13-3 – Envelope Performance Factor Coefficients – Hot Humid Climate
Daytime Occupancy | 24-Hour Occupancy |
U-factor | SHGC | U-factor | SHGC |
| | | | |
Mass Walls 6.42 - 9.60 -
Curtain Walls, Other 14.77 - 19.71 -
Roofs 9.86 - 14.11 -
North Windows -1.58 34.95 -7.29 64.19
Non-North Windows -1.00 43.09 -6.48 76.83
Skylights -96.11 305.45 -295.45 893.55
Table 13-4 – Envelope Performance Factor Coefficients – Moderate Climate
Daytime Occupancy | 24-Hour Occupancy |
| U-factor | SHGC | U-factor | SHGC |
Mass Walls | 2.017 | - | 3.11 | - |
Curtain Walls, Other | 2.72 | - | 4.11 | - |
Roofs | 5.46 | - | 5.86 | - |
North Windows | -3.10 | 29.66 | -11.95 | 62.14 |
Non-North Windows | -2.98 | 34.86 | -11.62 | 68.45 |
Skylights | -96.21 | 298.82 | -294.12 | 876.70 |
Mass Walls | 5.19 | - | 5.19 | - |
Curtain Walls, Other | 6.76 | - | 6.76 | - |
Roofs | 5.69 | - | 5.67 | - |
North Windows | 1.55 | 9.13 | 1.55 | 9.13 |
Non-North Windows | -1.13 | 16.32 | -1.13 | 16.32 |
Skylights | -93.44 | 283.18 | -93.44 | 283.18 |
13.1.2 Overhang and Side Fin Coefficients
The “M” multiplication factor can also be calculated using Equation 4.3.3. If the equation is used, a separate calculation shall be made for each orientation and unique shading condition.
Equation 13.1.2:
M = a ⋅ PF 2 + b ⋅ PF + 1
Table 4.3.3-3 - Overhang and Side Fin Coefficients
Device | Coefficient | North | South | East/West |
Overhangs | A | 0.16 | 0.21 | 0.10 |
| B | -0.61 | -0.83 | -0.58 |
Side Fins | A | 0.23 | 0.12 | 0.14 |
| B | -0.74 | -0.59 | -0.52 |
13.1.3 Budget Building Definition
The following rules shall be used to define the budget building.
(a) The budget building shall have the same building floor area, gross wall area and gross roof area as the proposed design. If the building has both 24-hour and daytime occupancies, the distribution between these shall be the same as the proposed design.
(b) The U-factor of each envelope component shall be equal to the criteria from § 4.3 for each class of construction.
(c) The vertical fenestration area shall be equal to the proposed design or 40% of the gross exterior wall area, which ever is less. The skylight area shall be equal to the proposed design or 5% of the gross exterior roof area, which ever is less.
(d) The SHGC of each window or skylight component shall be equal to the criteria from § 4.3.
14. Appendix F – Climate Zone Map Of India
Source: National Building Code 2005, Part 8, Fig. 2
15. Appendix G – Air-Side Economizer Acceptance Procedures
15.1 Construction Inspection
Prior to Performance Testing, verify and document the following:
- System controls are wired correctly to ensure economizer is fully integrated (i.e. economizer will operate when mechanical cooling is enabled).
- Economizer lockout control sensor location is adequate (open to air but not exposed to direct sunlight nor in an enclosure; away from sources of building exhaust; at least 8 m [25 ft] away from cooling towers).
- System is provided with barometric relief, relief fan or return fan to control building pressure.
15.2 Equipment Testing
Step 1: Simulate a cooling load and enable the economizer by adjusting the lockout control setpoint. Verify and document the following:
- Economizer damper modulates opens to 100% outside air.
- Return air damper modulates closed and is completely closed when economizer damper is 100% open.
- Economizer damper is 100% open before mechanical cooling is enabled.
- Relief fan or return fan (if applicable) is operating or barometric relief dampers freely swing open.
Step 2: Continue from Step 1 and disable the economizer by adjusting the lockout control setpoint. Verify and document the following:
- Economizer damper closes to minimum ventilation position.
- Return air damper opens to at or near 100%.
- Relief fan (if applicable) shuts off or barometric relief dampers close. Return fan (if applicable) may still operate even when economizer is disabled.
16. Appendix H – Compliance Forms
16.1 Envelop Summary
2005 India Energy Conservation Building Code Compliance Forms Draft 1, 27 March 2005
Project Info | Project Address | Date |
| For Building Department Use |
|
Applicant Name: |
Applicant Address: |
Applicant Phone: |
Project Description | New Building | Addition | Alteration | Change of Use |
| Hospital, hotel, call center (24 hour) | | Other building types (daytime) |
|
Vertical Fenestration Area Calculation Note: Vertical fenestration area can not exceed 40% of the gross wall area for prescriptive option. | Total Vertical Fenestration Area (rough opening) | divided by | Gross Exterior Wall Area | times 100 equals | % Vertical Fenestration |
÷ | | X 100 = |
Skylight Area Calculation Note: Skylight area can not exceed 5% of the gross roof area for prescriptive compliance. | Total Skylight Area (rough opening) | divided by | Gross Exterior Wall Area | times 100 equals | % Skylight |
÷ | | X 100 = |
16.2 Building Permit Plans Checklist
Building Permit Plans Checklist ENVELOPE Checklist |
2005 India Energy Conservation Building Code Compliance Forms Draft 1, 27 March 2005 |
Project Address | Date |
The following information is necessary to check a building permit application for compliance with the building envelope requirements in the 2005 India Energy Conservation Building Code. |
Applicability (yes, no, n.a.) | Code Section | Component | Information Required | Location on Plans | Building Department Notes |
MANDATORY PROVISIONS (Section 4.2) |
| | | 4.2.1 | Fenestration rating | | | |
| | | 4.2.1.1 | U-factor | Specify whether per 4.2.1.1 or default in Appendix C | | |
| | | 4.2.1.2 | SHGC | Specify whether per 4.2.1.2 or default in Appendix C | | |
| | | 4.2.1.3 | Air leakage | Specify leakage rates | | |
| | | 4.2.2 | Opaque U-factors | Specify whether per default in Appendix C or ASHRAE | | |
| | | 4.2.3 | Bldg. env. sealing | Indicate sealing, caulking, gasketing, and weatherstripping | | |
PRESCRIPTIVE COMPLIANCE OPTION (Section 4.3) |
| | | 4.3.1 | Roof | Indicate R-values on roof sections | | |
| | | 4.3.2 | Cool roof | Indicate minimum reflectance and emittance on plans | | |
| | | 4.3.3 | Roof | Indicate R-values on wall sections | | |
| | | 4.3.4 | Vertical fenestration | (1) Indicate U-factors on fenestration schedule. Indicate if values are rated or default. If values are default, then specify frame type, glazing layers, gapwidth, low-e. (2) Indicate SHGC or SC on fenestration schedule. Indicate if values are rated or default. (3) Indicate if overhangs or side fins are used for compliance purposes. If so, provide projection factor calculation. (1) Indicate U-factors on fenestration schedule. Indicate if values are rated or default. If values are default, then specify frame type, glazing layers, gapwidth, low-e. (2) Indicate SHGC or SC on fenestration schedule. Indicate if values are rated or default. | | |
| | | 4.3.5 | Skylights | | |
BUILDING ENVELOPE TRADE-OFF OPTION (Section 4.4) | |
| | | | | Provide calculations | | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
2005 India Energy Conservation Building Code Compliance Forms Draft 1, 27 March 2005
Project Info | Project Address | Date |
| For Building Dept. Use |
|
Applicant Name: |
Applicant Address: |
Applicant Phone: |
Cooling Equipment Schedule |
Equip. ID | Brand Name | Model No. | Capacity kW | Total L/s | OSA CFM or Econo? | SEER or EER | IPLV | Location |
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
Heating Equipment Schedule |
Equip. ID | Brand Name | Model No. | Capacity kW | Total L/s | OSA cfm or Econo? | Input kW | Output kW | Efficiency |
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
Fan Equipment Schedule |
Equip. ID | Brand Name | Model No. | Total L/s | SP | kW | Flow Control | Location of Service |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
16.4 Mechanical Checklist
Mechanical Permit Checklist MECHANICAL Checklist |
2005 India Energy Conservation Building Code Compliance Forms Draft 1, 27 March 2005 |
Project Address | Date |
The following information is necessary to check a building permit application for compliance with the mechanical requirements in the 2005 India Energy Conservation Building Code. |
Applicability (yes, no, n.a.) | Code Section | Component | Information Required | Location on Plans | Building Department Notes |
HEATING, VENTILATING, AND AIR CONDITIONING (Chapter 5) |
MANDATORY PROVISIONS (Section 5.2) |
| | | 5.2.1 | Equipment effficiency | Provide equipment schedule with type, capacity, efficiency | | |
| | | 5.2.2 | Controls | | | |
| | | 5.2.2.1 | Timeclocks | Indicate thermostat with night setback, 3 different day types, and 2-hour manual override | | |
| | | 5.2.2.2 | Temp. & deadband | Indicate temperature control with 3 degree C deadband minimum | | |
| | | 5.2.2.3 | Clg.tower, fluid cooler | Indicate two-speed motor, pony motor, or variable speed drive to control the fans | | |
| | | 5.2.3 | Piping & ductwork | Indicate sealing, caulking, gasketing, and weatherstripping | | |
| | | 5.2.3.1 | Piping insulation | Indicate R-value of insulation | | |
| | | 5.2.3.2 | Ductwork insulation | Indicate R-value of insulation | | |
| | | 5.2.3.3 | Ductwork sealing | Specify sealing types and locations | | |
| | | 5.2.4 | System balancing | Specify system balancing | | |
PRESCRIPTIVE COMPLIANCE OPTION (Section 5.3) |
| | | 5.3 | | Indicate whether project is complying with ECBC Prescriptive Option OR with ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2004 | | |
| | | 5.3.1 | Economizer | | | |
| | | 5.3.3.1 | Air economizer | Indicate 100% capability on schedule | | |
| | | 5.3.3.2 | Integrated operation | Indicate capability for partial cooling | | |
| | | 5.3.3.3 | Field testing | Specify tests | | |
| | | 5.3.2 | Variable flow hydronic | | | |
| | | 5.3.3.1 | Pump flow rates | Indicate variable flow capacity on schedules | | |
| | | 5.3.3.2 | Isolation valves | Indicate two-way automatic isolation valves | | |
| | | 5.3.3.3 | Variable speed drive | Indicate variable speed drive | | |
SERVICE WATER HEATING AND PUMPING (Chapter 6) |
MANDATORY PROVISIONS (Section 6.2) |
| | | 6.2.1 | Solar water heating | Provide calculations to justify capacity to meet 20% threshold | | |
| | | 6.2.2 | Equipment effficiency | Provide equipment schedule with type, capacity, efficiency | | |
| | | 6.2.3 | Piping insulation | Indicate R-value of insulation | | |
| | | 6.2.4 | Heat traps | Indicate heat trap on drawings or provide manufacturers specifications to show that equipment has internal heat trap | | |
| | | 6.2.5 | Pool covers | Provide vapor retardant cover for pools | | |
| | | 6.2.5 | Pools over 32 C | Provide R-2.1 insulation | | |
| | | | | | | |
16.5 Lighting Summary
2005 India Energy Conservation Building Code Compliance Forms Draft 1, 27 March 2005
Project Info | Project Address | Date |
| For Building Department Use 0 |
|
Applicant Name: |
Applicant Address: |
Applicant Phone: |
Project Description | New Building Addition Alteration Change of Use | |
| |
Alteration Exceptions (check box, if appropriate) | Less than 50% of the fixtures are new and installed lighting wattage is not being increased |
|
Maximum Allowed Lighting Wattage (Interior, Section 7.3)
Location (floor/room no.) | Occupancy Description | Allowed Watts per m2 ** | Area in m2 | Allowed x Area |
| | | | 0.0 |
| | | | 0.0 |
| | | | 0.0 |
** Document all exceptions Total Allowed Watts | 0.0 |
Proposed Lighting Wattage (Interior)
Location (floor/room no.) | Fixture Description | Number of Fixtures | Watts/ Fixture | Watts Proposed |
| | | | 0.0 |
| | | | 0.0 |
| | | | 0.0 |
Total Proposed Watts may not exceed Total Allowed Watts for Interior Total Proposed Watts | 0.0 |
Maximum Allowed Lighting Wattage (Exterior, Section 7.4)
Location | Description | Allowed Watts per m2 or per lm | Area in m2 (or lm for perimeter) | Allowed Watts x m2 (or x lm) |
| | | | 0.0 |
| | | | |
| | | | 0.0 |
| | | | 0.0 |
| | | | 0.0 |
| | | | 0.0 |
Total Allowed Watts | 0.0 |
Proposed Lighting Wattage (Exterior)
Location | Fixture Description | Number of Fixtures | Watts/ Fixture | Watts Proposed |
| | | | 0.0 |
| | | | 0.0 |
| | | | 0.0 |
Total Proposed Watts may not exceed Total Allowed Watts for Exterior Total Proposed Watts | 0.0 |
16.6 Lighting Permit Checklist
Lighting Permit Checklist LIGHTING Checklist |
2005 India Energy Conservation Building Code Compliance Forms Draft 1, 27 March 2005 |
Project Address | Date |
The following information is necessary to check a building permit application for compliance with the lighting requirements in the 2005 India Energy Conservation Building Code. |
Applicability (yes, no, n.a.) | Code Section | Component | Information Required | Location on Plans | Building Department Notes |
LIGHTING (Chapter 7) |
MANDATORY PROVISIONS (Section 7.2) |
| | | 7.2.1 | Controls | | | |
| | | 7.2.1.1 | Automatic shutoff | Indicate automatic shutoff locations or occupancy sensors | | |
| | | 7.2.1.2 | Space control | Provide schedule with type, indicate locations | | |
| | | 7.2.1.3 | Daylight zones | Provide schedule with type and features, indicate locations | | |
| | | 7.2.1.4 | Ext. lighting control | Indicate photosensor or astronomical time switch | | |
| | | 7.2.1.5 | Additional control | Provide schedule with type, indicate locations | | |
| | | 7.2.2 | Tandem wiring | Show wiring on schedule | | |
| | | 7.2.3 | Exit signs | Indicate 5 watts maximum | | |
| | | 7.2.4 | Ext. bldg.grounds ltg. | Indicate minimum efficacy of 60 lumens/Watt | | |
PRESCRIPTIVE INTERIOR LIGHTING POWER COMPLIANCE OPTION (Section 7.3) |
| | | 7.3 | | Indicate whether project is complying with the Building Area Method (7.3.1) or the Space Function Method (7.3.2) | | |
| | | 7.3.1 | Building area method | Provide lighting schedule with wattage of lamp and ballast and number of fixtures. Document all exceptions. | | |
| | | 7.3.2 | Space function method | Provide lighting schedule with wattage of lamp and ballast and number of fixtures. Document all exceptions. | | |
| | | 7.3.3 | Luminaire wattage | Indicate on plans | | |
PRESCRIPTIVE EXTERIOR LIGHTING POWER COMPLIANCE OPTION (Section 7.4) |
| | | 7.4 | Building area method | Provide lighting schedule with wattage of lamp and ballast and number of fixtures. Document all exceptions. | | |
ELECTRICAL POWER (Chapter 8) |
MANDATORY PROVISIONS (Section 8.2) |
| | | 8.2.1 | Transformers | Provide schedule with transformer losses | | |
| | | 8.2.2 | Motor efficiency | Provide equipment schedule with motor capacity, efficiency | | |
| | | 8.2.3 | Power factor correction | Provide schedule with power factor correction | | |
| | | 8.2.4 | Check metering | Provide check metering and monitoring | | |
Bureau of Energy Efficiency
2nd Floor, NBCC Tower 15 Bhikaji Cama Place New Delhi 110066
www.bee-india.nic.in