Table of Contents

1.0 OVERVIEW...................................................................................................................... 2

2.0 REFERENCES AND STANDARDS......................................................................................... 3

3.0 DEFINITION AND ACRONYMS............................................................................................ 3

4.0 STARTUP – OWNER, CONTRACTOR, ENGINEER, MANUFACTURER................................ 11

4.1 General........................................................................................................................ 11

4.2 Owner.......................................................................................................................... 12

4.3 Contractor.................................................................................................................... 12

4.4 Engineer...................................................................................................................... 13

4.4.1 Project Engineer......................................................................................................... 13

4.4.2 Lead Test Engineer..................................................................................................... 13

4.5 Manufacturer or Vendor................................................................................................. 14

5.0 TESTING AND COMMISSIONING SMALL HYDRO POWER PLANTS................................ 15

5.1 Pre-Commissioning Testing............................................................................................ 15

5.1.1 Civil and Structure Works – Civil And Pipeline................................................................ 15

5.1.2 Mechanical & Electrical............................................................................................... 20

5.1.3 Combined Electrical / Mechanical Review – Dry Condition................................................ 22

5.1.4 Combined Electrical / Mechanical Review – Wet Condition................................................ 23

5.1.5 Review of PLC Used For Unit Control............................................................................. 24

5.2 Commissioning Testing.................................................................................................. 24

6.0 ACCEPTANCE TEST......................................................................................................... 26

APPENDIX A: Net Head for various turbine type from IEC62006- Annex B................................... 29

APPENDIX B: CHECKLIST OF TESTING AND COMMISSIONING............................................. 33

APPENDIX C: SEDA TEST FORMS........................................................................................... 63

^{_{4.0    STARTUP – OWNER, CONTRACTOR, ENGINEER, MANUFACTURER}}

4.1     General

Administrative procedures clarify the roles of all participants in the organization involved in the project test program. Once the role of these parties is identified, a plan for the turnover of equipment/systems from the contractor to the owner should be developed. Schedules of construction completion dates and all testing should be included with the administrative procedures. The startup organization described herein is based on the owner, engineer, and contractor having an active role in the startup and commissioning activities. The responsibility of the various entities may shift slightly depending on their contractual relationship. In general, the following description is a guide to those responsibilities.

Pre-commissioning test is to ensure all tests and checks necessary of each plant system are functional before startup of commissioning testing of the overall integrated plant commences. The purpose of these procedures is to verify that each system performs in accordance with design requirements.

Commissioning test procedures are used during the final phase of the plant startup. These procedures outline tests to be performed on the major plant systems and components such as turbine-generator, governor and controls, voltage regulator and excitation systems, relays and protection equipment, and the various modes of starting, loading, and stopping each unit. This phase should be coordinated with the vendor’s representatives supplying major components and with the operating authority for the plant.

The typical role of the participants of the startup organization is described below.

4.2     Owner

The owner is usually the operator and provides the operating and maintenance personnel that participate in the commissioning program. The owner’s representative usually

a)    Reviews administrative, construction, preoperational and operational programs, and schedules;

b)   Witnesses testing activities, as necessary, in support of the commissioning program;

c)    Provides coordination with offsite operating, dispatching, or interfacing agencies, as required;

d)   Conditionally accepts equipment and systems for operation during the precommissioning testing phase;

e)    Accepts equipment, systems and facilities, subsequent to successful testing of these items, and provides final acceptance of the project;

f)     Operates all permanent plant equipment to support the start-up schedule; and

g)    Makes final decisions in areas of disputes relating to test activities performed during the test program.

4.3     Contractor

The contractor typically furnishes, installs, and tests the equipment and systems under the terms and conditions of the contract. Tests performed by the contractor may be witnessed by the engineer or owner. The contractor usually

a)    Performs pre-commissioning testing on contractor-furnished equipment and systems in accordance with test requirements contained within the contract;

b)   Performs commissioning testing on owner-furnished equipment in accordance with the contract;

c)    Records test data results during construction and pre-commissioning testing, distributes to the engineer, and incorporates into the system turnover package;

d)   Implements tagging and work clearances on systems and equipment under the jurisdiction of the contractor in accordance with the commissioning program tagging procedure prior to turn over to the owner;

e)    Schedules completion of construction work and test activities to support the overall commissioning program;

f)     Provides the engineer with status of contractor-furnished equipment and systems deficiency list items; advises the engineer when turnover for pre-commissioning testing will occur on contractor-furnished equipment and owner-furnished equipment;

g)    Provides craft personnel required during testing by the contractor, and in support of all testing performed by the engineer;

h)   Participates in the development of schedules for all phases of the commissioning program;

i)     Provides system  deficiency list with equipment turnover and resolves all deficiencies;

j)     Notifies the engineer of any engineering or construction deficiencies that will not allow for proper testing and operation of any system.

4.4     Engineer

4.4.1    Project Engineer

The engineer typically provides the design documents to install and test the equipment based on the manufacturer’s recommendations. The engineer usually

a)    Provides all engineering documents and information necessary for completion of construction and testing; and

b)   Furnishes engineers on-site to provide assistance on design and engineering problems.

4.4.2    Lead Test Engineer

The engineer typically provides a lead test engineer (LTE) with overall responsibility for the conduct of pre-commissioning and commissioning testing of owner-furnished equipment and the operational testing of contractor furnished equipment under coordination of the owner.

The LTE should prepare the procedures required to implement the program and give final approval to these procedures prior to owner review and approval. These procedures should be incorporated into a commissioning manual. In addition, the LTE should

a)    Coordinate the need for vendor representatives during the commissioning testing phase;

b)   Resolve design questions encountered during the commissioning program;

c)    Participate in the development of schedules for testing of contractor- furnished equipment and systems;

d)   Develop, in conjunction with the owner, schedules for commissioning testing of contractor- furnished equipment and systems;

e)    Accept owner-furnished equipment and systems that have been tested by the contractor in accordance with test procedures;

f)     Perform all testing of owner-furnished equipment and systems; and

g)    Perform all testing of contractor-furnished equipment and systems.

The LTE usually directs all activities to ensure a smooth, effective commissioning program and is typically responsible for the overall conduct of the commissioning program for all project equipment and systems.

The LTE usually has primary responsibility for scheduling and directing the efforts of those assigned to the performance of the commissioning activities. The LTE typically coordinates the interface activities of the contractor for construction and the owner’s personnel required to accomplish the commissioning program.

4.5     Manufacturer or Vendor

In addition to factory tests to be performed on manufacturer-furnished equipment, tests are typically performed during the installation phase in accordance with the contract. These tests are performed in support of the commissioning program and in keeping with the schedules for preoperational and operational testing.

Typical manufacturer tests include

a)   Unit alignment;

b)   Rotational run-out checks;

c)    Rotor diameter measurement;

d)   Rotor roundness measurement;

e)   Stator bore diameter measurement;

f)    Stator roundness measurement;

g)   Air-gap measurement;

h)   Bearing alignment and clearances;

i)     Verification of temperature devices;

j)     Current transformer polarity checks;

k)   Braking system;

l)     Bearing oil lubrication system;

m)  Stator and rotor winding resistance measurements;

n)   Open circuit saturation test;

o)   Short-circuit test;

p)   Phase sequence test;

q)   Heat run;

r)    Over-speed tests; and

s)    Load rejection tests.

^{_{5.0    TESTING AND COMMISSIONING SMALL HYDRO POWER PLANTS}}

There are two phases of testing and commissioning of a small hydro power plant which are: 

a) Pre-Commissioning Test

b) Commissioning Test

5.1     Pre-Commissioning Testing

The contractor required to performs inspections and tests to ensure all the installation are in accordance with the contract requirement. The results of this testing should be documented by the contractor and submitted to the pre-operational testing group. The Pre-Commissioning Testing includes:

5.1.1    Civil and Structure Works – Civil And Pipeline

5.1.1.1    Watering – Up

The watering of the waterway system such as intake and pipeline represents significant readiness of the overall system. This section describes the initial watering and the subsequent steps and activities

The initial watering is crucial as it is the first time the whole waterway system under full water loading. As such, proper procedures must be adopted. These must be done under slow rates and controlled conditions. If the system has Pressure Relief Valves or Plunger Valves, they should be commissioned in isolation to ensure opening set points, opening times and closing times are per design.

1. Start-up procedures

The following documents shall be furnished;

a)      Inspection procedure document relates to the method statement of conducting the pre-commission checking/inspection on the civil and pipeline structures. The structures shall be the intake system, pipeline, surge tank and the fittings/appurtenances.

b)     Civil monitoring program document that illustrates the critical civil facilities to be monitored; before, during, and after watering-up or start-up, their frequency, their acceptance criteria, the responsible personnel, communication and sign-off (accountability) for all components.

1. Before watering

The following works are to be completed and the supervising engineer shall truly endorsed:

a)    Baseline survey shall be taken of monuments or significant features to be used for short- and long term measurement

b)   The measurement must be taken using appropriate equipment such as theodolite, dumpy levels, etc.

c)    Emergency closure systems (ECS) must be complete, dry tested and functional. Such equipment is sluice valve, gate valve or other similar apparatus that are designed to close (manual or automatic) under flow conditions and to stop water from flowing downstream.

d)   Where possible interior of the penstock has been inspected, to ensure construction debris and tools are removed and all personnel have vacated the system.

e)    The exterior of the system have been inspected to ensure all manholes and gate valves have been closed and air valves are open. The air vent usually installed at the beginning of the pipeline is free of blockage.

f)     Communication and clearances with the start-up engineer/supervisor must be signed off to verify that the system is ready for watering-up.

g)    Check operability of all gates and valves

h)   Check that hillside drainage is appropriate and that drains are clear of    debris and vegetation.

1. During watering-up

The works to be conducted, completed or performed during the watering-up of the water pipeline are:

a)    A slowing filling shall be initiated so as to ensure full control of the system. An operator shall be stationed at the ECS during the entire watering-up process in event that a manual closure of the system is required. It suggested that the initial rate be set at about 6 to 15m at this stage, which is sufficient to allow for full control in the filling operations.

b)   A system must be set up to provide effective communication with inspection crew, start-up engineer and all other operators

c)    The filling should be done during the daylight hours. This is to provide safety to the personnel involved in the operation and inspection. It also allows better visibility so that problem areas can be identified and acted quickly. If possible 4 – 6 hours of daylight should be available after completion of filling. During the nighttime hours, intake gates and ECS must be closed for safety reasons.

d)   After the waterway system is completely filed up, the intake/head gates are usually closed and system is allow to rest for 24hours before any operational testing of the powerhouse equipment. This would allow for the porous material to absorb water in controlled and observed condition and to stabilize and monitor the water loss. Inspection must be done to identify any problem. During initial filling process, items such as expansion joints, couplings, valves and other bolted fittings/appurtenances may require retorquing to stop leaks. This must be done according to manufacturer instructions.

e)    For buried pipelines that have been fully pressurized, the intake gate/sluice valve shall be closed and monitored the for any pressure drops to verify that there is no leaks or the leaks are within acceptable values.

f)     After completion of the CFMP procedures, the start-up engineer start-up procedures must be signed off, indicating the penstock is complete and ready for operational testing.

1. Recommended Inspection checks

The recommended inspection checks, where, applicable are as follows:

a)    Read appropriate water levels at intake, surge tank and tailrace

b)   Inspect fittings and appurtenances, such valves, manholes, expansion joints or coupling and air-vacuum valves for leakages

c)    Read gauges and meters

d)   Check for settlements in foundation

e)    Check for cracks and distortions in the pipeline support system

f)     Check for any leaks or wet soils, any increase in groundwater in the pipeline system

g)    Compare movements or deflections against analysis

h)   Survey elevations

i)     Check that the river intake flushing gate works (if applicable)

j)     Check that sediment basin is clean

Figure 3. Pipeline Features

5.1.1.2    Dewatering Rates

The dewatering rates for inclined pipeline should be limited to the following;

a)    50% of the air valve capacity  or

b)   33 vertical m/hr, whichever is lower

5.1.1.3    Subsequent Watering-Up

Subsequent watering-up is not as critical as the initial operation, as the system has already been tested and observed under controlled conditions. Usually, there would be rather long outages, where by the waterway is under dewatered condition, the watering-up must be done under slow rates and controlled conditions. This is due to the fact that the filings/appurtenances may have dried out, such as expansion joints and couplings, or shifted due to thermal changes.

The following must be observed for subsequent watering-up operations;

a)    A walk-down of the exterior of the exterior shall be done to ensure all manholes and gate valves have been closed and air valves are open. The air vent usually installed at the beginning of the pipeline is free of blockage.

b)   The filling rate can be higher. The suggested rate for subsequent can be a about 33 vertical m/hr. However, the maximum if dewatering is then required, the rate must not exceed 50% of the controlling air valve capacities.

c)    The initial and subsequent watering reports must be reviewed for occurrence of any unusual events or circumstance.

d)   After the system has been fully pressurized but before being returned to operation, the entire system must be walked down, and any abnormal items or conditions must be noted and corrected if necessary.

e)    Communication and clearances with the start-up engineer/supervisor must be signed off to verify that the system is ready to return to operation.

Figure 4. Pipeline Fittings/Appurtenances

5.1.2    Mechanical & Electrical

5.1.2.1    Dry Test

These tests are conducted before charging the water-conductor system of the unit. Test at this stage include following:

a)    All critical unit clearances and dimensions are checked.

b)   Alignment of unit shaft system.

c)    Calibration and adjustment of all temperature sensing devices, pressure switches, flow switches, transducers is done If the contractor does not have calibration facility, the same should be done at laboratory approved by the purchaser.

d)   Continuity of all cabling and their connection as per cable schedules are checked.

e)    Operation of all control system in both energized and de-energized state is checked.

f)     Hydrostatic tests of all pressurized fluid system.

g)    AC/DC high potential tests.

h)   Protection system secondary test injections and tripping test.

i)     Control System/Unit PLC functional testing.

j)     Hydrostatic tests of generator coolers, bearing coolers and piping.

k)    Auxiliary equipment is connected properly.

l)     All the instrumentation and safety devices operate correctly.

m)  Insulation resistance & dielectric test of generator.

n)   Functional checks and adjustment of generator speed switches and pressure switches.

• o)   Functional checks of wicket gates, and excitation system.

p)   The fire protection system is operating.

q)   The generator brake and lifting jacks and their interlocks operate as required.

r)    The entire unit must be thoroughly inspected before charging with water for tools, other objects which might have been inadvertently left in the unit.

s)    Check penstock man hole draft tube manholes are properly closed and tightened after providing proper gasket, o-ring etc.

t)    Check working of all hydro-mechanical gates & valves etc. Must be commissioned according to manufacturer’s instructions.

u)   Check main & auxiliary transformers and their cooling arrangement.

v)    Check switchyard & switchyard equipment.

w)  Check all unit auxiliaries & station auxiliaries for their proper functioning.

x)    Arrange all clearances from in charges of different systems & subsystems.

All tests carried out must be properly documented for each system and subsystem and signed by tests engineers of manufactures and plant owner. This documentation helps the owner to identify potential problem in specific equipment before watering start-up and take remedial measure in advance.

5.1.2.2    Wet Test

These tests are conducted after charging the water conductor system of the unit. Test at this stage include following:

a)    The contractor shall carry out detailed inspection of machine to ascertain no abnormality is found during first hour of operation

b)   Unit is charged with water, leakages from penstock and man holes, coolers, shaft seals are checked, remedial action, if found necessary, are to be taken.

c)    Check penstock pressure, cooling water pressure and availability of   water   at proper pressure in each cooler d) Ensure working of flow meters

e)    Then machine is rotated for the first time at slow-speed, ensure for any abnormal sounds or interference in machines, take immediate remedial action, if necessary.

f)     This is a critical stage as for the first time all equipment components are operating as an integral system at rated head and flow condition

g)    The first unit rotation is done at slow speed then machine is run at 25, 50, 75 and final 100% speed

Following tests at this stage are done:

a)    Shaft run out

b)   Bearing temperatures stabilization (this is called bearing run also)

c)    Reliability of start, stop, synchronizing unit is also to be confirmed

d)   All protective devices, lock out relays and emergency stop system are checked at low load to ensure that they are functional

All these tests are divided in two categories:

1. No Load Tests

These tests confirm the operation of the generator and powerhouse auxiliaries equipment under no load conditions. These are as follows:

a)    Phase rotation check

b)   No load saturation test

c)    Short circuit saturation test

d)   Operational tests, check thermal relays, speed switches, RTDs, flow switches

e)   Excitation system checks

f)     Continuity Test

g)    Insulation resistance tests to check the condition of cable insulation

h)   Functional test  of  each component  and  the interconnected  system  of components in both auto and manual mode

i)     Test of the software and hardware associated with the computer control system

1. Load Tests

These tests confirm the operation of generator under load condition. These are as follows:

a)    Heat run test to determine maximum temperature rise

b)   Load rejection tests

c)    Time taken by machine in stopping after application of brakes

d)   Measurement of excitation field current at generator rated output

e)   Unit capacity test

The load rejection test is performed at 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% rated load which confirm the unit can be safely stopped under any operating condition. During confirm that both of these parameters are within design limit. Any abnormal noise, alarm, high temperature and any unusual or unexpected condition must be thoroughly investigated.

5.1.3    Combined Electrical / Mechanical Review – Dry Condition

a)    Review factory & field test certificates for all major pieces of equipment.

• Turbine
• Governor
• Speed increaser
• Intake gates, draft tube gates, spillway gates, inlet valves
• Generators
• Main power transformers
• Generator switch gears (medium voltage)  Switchgears

b)   Unit or plant control switch boards

c)    Confirm that manufactures have provided detailed written installation instructions for all major pieces of equipment, including detailed dimensional record sheets and quality assurance plan followed during erection.

d)   Review all detailed dimensional record sheets in conjunction with a visual inspection of all major pieces of equipment.

5.1.3.1    Mechanical Review Tasks

a)    Verify that hydrostatic tests have been performed on all pressurized fluids systems.

b)   Review operational check out sheets for each mechanical system, including calibration sheets for all level switches, flow switches, pressure switches etc.

c)    Review unit alignment check out sheets.

d)   Review bearing setting, centering, gaps check out sheets.

e)    Review generator air gap check out sheets.

f)     Review functionality check out sheets for brakes, cooling system, oil pressure unit system, gland seal’s repair seals, top cover drainage system, greasing system etc.

5.1.3.2    Electrical Review Tasks

a)    Review system ground resistance test certificate and ensure adequate ground connection as per relevant IEEE.

b)   Review surge protection of powerhouse/ switchyard.

c)    Confirm that phasing check has been performed across generator circuit breaker.

d)   Review the station battery/ battery charger arrangement and operational check out sheet.

e)    Verify that all relays are bench tested and that the settings are as per design and that CT shorting screws have been removed.

5.1.4    Combined Electrical / Mechanical Review – Wet Condition

5.1.4.1    Mechanical Review Tasks

a)    Observe first mechanical rotation of unit.

b)   Observe and review results of bearing temperature run.

c)    Observe and review results of unit load rejection tests.

d)   Observe turbine index test, verify that results are consistent with manufacturers promised performance.

e)    Verify unit alignment and balance.

f)     Monitor for excessive vibration.

5.1.4.2    Electrical Review Tasks

a)    Observe unit manual starts, stops and synchronization.

b)   Observe unit automatic starts, stops and synchronization.

c)    Observe one manually initiated emergency stop sequence.

d)   Observe unit stops by activation of each lock out relay.

5.1.5    Review of PLC Used For Unit Control

a)    Identify manufacturer’s recommended chassis and logic ground points and see whether they are to be connected collectively or grounded separately. If connected collectively confirm how common mode noise is prevented from entering the PLC.

b)   Verify the grounded resistance value for chassis and logic grounds are consistent with the manufacturer’s recommendation.

c)    Ensure that surge protection are provided on all inputs to the I/O racks that will be susceptible to voltage transients including all cables routed to devices located outside the powerhouse.

d)   Ensure that the AC power for PLC is reliable and free of voltage transients usually an inverter fed by station batteries.

e)    Confirm that the final PLC software coding has been well documented and that the document is available for future plant maintenance and trouble shooting.

5.2     Commissioning Testing

Commissioning testing generally includes:

1)   Head loss measurement in pipeline

The head loss in the pipe system can be made if the flow measuring devices are located close to the turbine otherwise, reading from pressure gauges can be used. The velocity measurement is described in IEC 62006 in section Annex B under B.3.

2)   Pressure variation in pipeline

Closing times must be confirmed before any load rejection testing and the pressure variations in the pipeline and upstream and downstream of machine as well as the variations in surge tank water levels during the pre-commissioning test should be noted for the following cases;

a)     Speed no load (SNL) rejection

b)     25% load rejection and acceptance

c)     50% load rejection (critical case for Francis turbine) and acceptance

d)     75% load rejection and acceptance

e)     100% load rejection and acceptance

f)      100% gate or needle  rejection and load acceptance ( critical pressure drop for impulse machine)

g)     Hill top valve/main inlet valve closure

h)     Normal shutdown

3)   Discharge measurement in pipeline

IEC 62006 has described 6 types of discharge measurement.  These are illustrated as follows;

a)    Velocity area

b)   Pressure time method

c)    Ultrasonic (acoustic) method

d)   Volumetric gauging method

e)   Electromagnetic flow meters

f)     Thermodynamic methods

4)   Hydraulic operation of shut-off inlet valves, hill top valve and intake gates and proper setting of closing and opening times

5)   Wicket gate or nozzle alignment and verification of proper opening and closing times

6)   Governor control setting verification

7)   Verification of proper lubrication of generator and turbine bearings

8)   Checks on braking system

9)   Turbine-generator and bearing run in

10)Electrical and mechanical over speed trip test

11)Final setting of shutdown sensors

12)Voltage regulator and excitation system tests

13)Verification of proper generator to system synchronization

14)Testing and verification of electrical protection system with load

15)Operation and monitoring via control system (local and remote)

16)Forebay surging during startup and shutdown, valve and gate opening and closure

17)Monitor intake submergence (observe vortices)

^{_{6.0    ACCEPTANCE TEST}}

Acceptance test objective is to determine the performance of Electromechanical Equipment as it is part of the contract obligation and also provides strategic input for revisiting the design and manufacturing process. Also reconfirms the accuracy and authenticity of the claimed model tests results. The “performance” of a turbine is quantified generally under the following reference: the efficiency of the machine within specified range of output and head variation should meet the guaranteed efficiency; the turbine power output should meet the guarantee as a function of the net head discharge available. The performance also includes safe operation of the machine without being subject to cavitation or fatigue in the specified head range. The machine behavior under load throw-off condition is also in some cases constitute performance test. In addition to these performance tests done during acceptance, it becomes relevant several times in the operational life of the turbine in the course of operation, as wear and cavitation pitting occur on critical parts of the turbine and as a result efficiency decreases. This test result becomes paramount for the policy decision regarding rehabilitation.

Typically, performance test of a Hydro Power plant includes:

1)            Inspection of all components, systems and station auxiliaries. 2)    Functional checks of simpler devices and systems 3)  Testing of measuring instruments.

4)     Secondary injection tests on protective relays.

5)     Operational tests on control systems.

6)     Measurement of the parameters critical for generation.

7)     Measurement of maximum power output of generating units

8)     Determination of efficiency of generating units, combined and individually.

Codes/Standards for Acceptance Test

The International Electro technical Commission (IEC) 62006: 2010-10 – “Hydraulic machinesAcceptance tests of small hydroelectric installation” specifies procedures for the measuring methods and contractual guarantee condition for field acceptance tests of the generating machinery in small hydroelectric installation. It applies to installation containing impulse or reaction turbines with power up to about 15MW and reference diameter of about 3 meters. It also contains information about most of the test required such as safety approval test, trial operating and reliability tests, as well for verification of cavitation, noise and vibration.

The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) “Manuals and Reports on Engineering Practice No.79 – Steel Penstocks (Second Edition)” which covers not limited to testing and start-up of steel penstocks including branches, wyes, associated appurtenance and tunnel liners.

Determination of Turbine Efficiency and Measurement involved:

Turbine Efficiency: Mechanical Power Produced-Mechanical Power (Turbine)

Pm=Pg/ηg+Pth+Pgd+Pau+Pgb

Hydraulic Power Available -Hydraulic Power Ph= g Hn ρ Q

Where,

•Pg= Generator output

•ηg= Tested generator efficiency.

•Pth= Thrust bearing loss corresponding to turbine.

•Pgd= Mechanical power dissipated in guide bearing.

•Pau= Electrical Power supplied to auxiliary equipment

•Pgb= Mechanical power loss in Gear Box

•g= Gravity acceleration.

•Hn= Net Head

•ρ = Water Density

•Q = Water discharge

The measurements involved in determining the efficiency are from IEC 62006:

(1)  For determining the Hydraulic power

a)  Discharge (Q)

b)  Head (m)

c)  Acceleration due to gravity (g)

(2)  For determining Mechanical Power

a)  Electrical Power Output

b)  Generator efficiency ....from Generator test report

This also can be referred to IEC 62006 Clause 7 under Performance guarantees and tests.

Discharge measurement in pipeline

IEC 62006 Annex E Table E.1 has described 6 types of discharge measurement. These are illustrated as follows;

^{_{APPENDIX A: Net Head for various turbine type from IEC62006- Annex B}}

APPENDIX B: CHECKLIST OF TESTING AND COMMISSIONING