中国的能源政策
（2012年10月）
中华人民共和国
国务院新闻办公室

China's Energy Policy 2012
(October 2012)
Information Office of the State Council
The People's Republic of China

目录

Contents

前 言

Preface

一、能源发展现状

I. Current Energy Development

二、能源发展政策和目标

II. Policies and Goals of Energy Development

三、全面推进能源节约

III. All-round Promotion of Energy Conservation

四、大力发展新能源和可再生能源

IV. Vigorously Developing New and Renewable Energy

五、推动化石能源清洁发展

V. Promoting Clean Development of Fossil Energy

六、提高能源普遍服务水平

VI. Improving Universal Energy Service

七、加快推进能源科技进步

VII. Accelerating Progress of Energy Technology

八、深化能源体制改革

VIII. Deepening Institutional Reform in the Energy Sector

九、加强能源国际合作

IX. Strengthening International Cooperation in Energy

结束语

Conclusion

前言

Preface

能源是支撑人类文明进步的物质基础，是现代社会发展不可或缺的基本条件。在中国实现现代化和全体人民共同富裕的进程中，能源始终是一个重大战略问题。

Energy is the material basis for the progress of human civilization and an indispensable basic condition for the development of modern society. It remains a major strategic issue for China as the country moves towards its goals of modernization and common prosperity for its people.

20世纪70年代末实行改革开放以来，中国的能源事业取得了长足发展。目前，中国已成为世界上最大的能源生产国，形成了煤炭、电力、石油天然气以及新能源和可再生能源全面发展的能源供应体系，能源普遍服务水平大幅提升，居民生活用能条件极大改善。能源的发展，为消除贫困、改善民生、保持经济长期平稳较快发展提供了有力保障。

Since China adopted the policy of reform and opening up in the late 1970s, its energy industry has made great advances. China is now the world's largest energy producer. It has built up a comprehensive energy supply system comprising coal, electricity, petroleum, natural gas, and new and renewable energy resources. Its universal energy service and civil energy use conditions have markedly improved. Its thriving energy industry provides a guarantee for the country to reduce poverty, improve the people's livelihood and maintain long-term, steady and rapid economic development.

中国能源发展面临着诸多挑战。能源资源禀赋不高，煤炭、石油、天然气人均拥有量较低。能源消费总量近年来增长过快，保障能源供应压力增大。化石能源大规模开发利用，对生态环境造成一定程度的影响。

However, China's energy development still faces many challenges. The country's energy resource endowment is not high and its per-capita share of coal, petroleum and natural gas is low. Its energy consumption has grown too quickly in recent years, increasing the strain on energy supply. Fossil energy resources have been exploited on a large scale, causing a certain amount of damage to the eco-environment.

为减少对能源资源的过度消耗，实现经济、社会、生态全面协调可持续发展，中国不断加大节能减排力度，努力提高能源利用效率，单位国内生产总值能源消耗逐年下降。中国将以科学发展观为指导，切实转变发展方式，着力建设资源节约型、环境友好型社会，依靠能源科技创新和体制创新，全面提升能源效率，大力发展新能源和可再生能源，推动化石能源的清洁高效开发利用，努力构建安全、稳定、经济、清洁的现代能源产业体系，为中国全面建设小康社会提供更加坚实的能源保障，为世界经济发展作出更大贡献。

To curb excessive consumption of energy resources and achieve the comprehensive, balanced and sustainable development of the economy, society and ecology, China keeps strengthening its efforts in energy conservation and emission reduction, and strives to raise the efficiency of energy utilization. As a result, energy consumption per unit of GDP has been decreasing year by year. China will continue to take the Scientific Outlook on Development as its guiding principle, and work hard to transform its development pattern, giving prominence to building a resource-conserving and environment-friendly society. It relies on scientific, technological and system innovation to raise efficiency in all aspects of energy utilization, further develops new and renewable energy resources, and promotes the clean and efficient development and utilization of fossil energy resources. The country endeavors to build a modern energy industry which is secure, stable, economical and clean, in order to provide a solid guarantee for building a moderately prosperous society in all respects and make greater contributions to the world's economic development.

一、能源发展现状

I. Current Energy Development

改革开放以来，中国能源工业快速增长，实现了煤炭、电力、石油天然气、可再生能源和新能源的全面发展，为保障国民经济长期平稳较快发展和人民生活水平持续提高作出重要贡献。

Since the reform and opening-up policy was introduced, China's energy industry has witnessed rapid growth, achieving comprehensive development of coal, electricity, petroleum, natural gas, and new and renewable energy resources, making important contributions to the long-term, steady and rapid growth of the national economy and the sustained improvement of living standards.

——供应保障能力显著增强。2011年，中国一次能源生产总量达到31.8亿吨标准煤，居世界第一。其中，原煤产量35.2亿吨，原油产量稳定在2亿吨，成品油产量2.7亿吨。天然气产量快速增长，达到1031亿立方米。电力装机容量10.6亿千瓦，年发电量4.7万亿千瓦时。能源综合运输体系发展较快。石油管线长度超过7万公里，天然气主干管线长度达到4万公里。电网基本实现全国互联，330千伏及以上输电线路长度17.9万公里。国家石油储备一期项目建成，能源应急保障能力不断增强。

-- Remarkable enhancement of energy supply capability and security. In 2011, the output of primary energy equaled 3.18 billion tons of standard coal, ranking first in the world. Of this, raw coal reached 3.52 billion tons; crude oil, 200 million tons; and refined oil products, 270 million tons. The output of natural gas ballooned to 103.1 billion cu m. The installed electricity generating capacity reached 1.06 billion kw, and the annual output of electricity was 4.7 trillion kwh. A comprehensive energy transportation system has developed rapidly. The length of oil pipelines totaled more than 70,000 km, and the natural gas trunk lines exceeded 40,000 km. Electric power grids were linked up throughout the country, and electricity transmission lines of 330 kv or more totaled 179,000 km. The first phase of the national petroleum reserve project was completed, and the country's emergency energy-supply capability keeps improving.

——能源节约效果明显。中国大力推进能源节约。1981—2011年，中国能源消费以年均5.82%的增长，支撑了国民经济年均10％的增长。2006—2011年，万元国内生产总值能耗累计下降20.7%，实现节能7.1亿吨标准煤。实施锅炉改造、电机节能、建筑节能、绿色照明等一系列节能改造工程，主要高耗能产品的综合能耗与国际先进水平差距不断缩小，新建的有色、建材、石化等重化工业项目能源利用效率基本达到世界先进水平。淘汰落后小火电机组8000万千瓦，每年可由此节约原煤6000多万吨。2011年，全国火电供电煤耗较2006年降低37克标准煤/千瓦时，降幅达10%。

-- Conspicuous achievements in energy conservation. China vigorously promotes energy conservation. During the 1981-2011 period, China's energy consumption increased by 5.82 percent annually, underpinning the 10 percent annual growth of the national economy. From 2006 to 2011, the energy consumption for every 10,000 yuan of GDP dropped by 20.7 percent, saving energy equivalent to 710 million tons of standard coal. The state implemented a series of energy-saving renovations, such as of boilers, electrical machinery, buildings and installation of green lighting products. The gap between the overall energy consumption of China's high energy-consuming products and the advanced international level is narrowing. The energy utilization efficiency of new projects in the heavy and chemical industries, such as non-ferrous metals, building materials and petrochemicals, is up to the world's advanced level. The country has eliminated small thermal power units with a total generating capacity of 80 million kw, saving more than 60 million tons of raw coal annually. In 2011, coal consumption of thermal power supply per kwh was 37 grams of standard coal lower than in 2006, a decrease of 10 percent.

——非化石能源快速发展。中国积极发展新能源和可再生能源。2011年，全国水电装机容量达到2.3亿千瓦，居世界第一。已投运核电机组15台、装机容量1254万千瓦，在建机组26台、装机容量2924万千瓦，在建规模居世界首位。风电并网装机容量达到4700万千瓦，居世界第一。光伏发电增长强劲，装机容量达到300万千瓦。太阳能热水器集热面积超过2亿平方米。积极开展沼气、地热能、潮汐能等其他可再生能源推广应用。非化石能源占一次能源消费的比重达到8%，每年减排二氧化碳6亿吨以上。

-- Rapid development in non-fossil energy. China has made energetic efforts in developing new and renewable energy resources. In 2011, the installed generating capacity of hydropower reached 230 million kw, ranking first in the world. Fifteen nuclear power generating units were put into operation, with a total installed capacity of 12.54 million kw. Another 26 units, still under construction, were designed with a total installed capacity of 29.24 million kw, leading the world. The installed generating capacity of wind power connected with the country's power grids reached 47 million kw, ranking top in the world. Photovoltaic power generation also reported speedy growth, with a total installed capacity of 3 million kw. Solar water heating covered a total area of 200 million sq m. The state also expedites the use of biogas, geothermal energy, tidal energy and other renewable energy resources. Non-fossil energy accounted for 8 percent of the total primary energy consumption, which means an annual reduction of more than 600 million tons of carbon dioxide (CO2) emission.

——科技水平迅速提高。建成了比较完善的石油天然气勘探开发技术体系，复杂区块勘探开发、提高油气田采收率等技术在国际上处于领先地位。3000米深水钻井平台建造成功。千万吨炼油和百万吨乙烯装置实现自主设计和制造。具有世界先进水平和自主知识产权的煤炭直接液化和煤制烯烃技术取得突破。全国采煤机械化程度达到60%以上，井下600万吨综采成套装备全面推广。百万千瓦超超临界、大型空冷等大容量高参数机组得到广泛应用，70万千瓦水轮机组设计制造技术达到世界先进水平。基本具备百万千瓦级压水堆核电站自主设计、建造和运营能力，高温气冷堆、快堆技术研发取得重大突破。3兆瓦风电机组批量应用，6兆瓦风电机组成功下线。形成了比较完备的太阳能光伏发电制造产业链，光伏电池年产量占全球产量的40%以上。特高压交直流输电技术和装备制造水平处于世界领先地位。

-- Quick advance in science and technology. A fairly complete system of exploration and development technologies has taken shape in the petroleum and natural gas industry, with prospecting and development techniques in geologically complicated regions and the recovery ratio of oilfields leading the world. Oil drilling rigs that are capable of operating at a maximum water depth of 3,000 m have been built. China is now able to independently design and build oil refinery equipment, each set of which boasts an annual output of 10 million tons, and ethylene production plants, each of which has an annual output of one million tons. The country's direct coal liquefaction and coal-to-olefins technologies, for which it owns independent intellectual property rights, have reached the world's advanced level and achieved new breakthroughs in technology. In addition, 60 percent of the country's coal mines have been mechanized, and mechanized underground mining equipment with an annual output of six million tons is installed nationwide. Electric power generating units featuring a large capacity and high parameters, including ultra-supercritical and air-cooled generators each with an installed capacity of one million kw, have been installed widely. The designing and manufacturing of 700,000-kw hydraulic turbine generators have reached the world's advanced level. China is now able to independently design and build one-million-kw pressurized water reactor nuclear power plants, and has made outstanding breakthroughs in the R&D of high-temperature gas-cooled reactors and fast reactors. Also, 3,000-kw wind power generators have been mass-produced and 6,000 kw wind power generators have come off the production line. The solar photovoltaic industry has formed a sound manufacturing chain, with an annual output of solar panels accounting for more than 40 percent of the world's total. China leads the world in extra-high-voltage DC/AC power transmission technology and manufacturing.

——用能条件大为改善。积极推进民生能源工程建设，提高能源普遍服务水平。与2006年相比，2011年中国人均一次能源消费量达到2.6吨标准煤，提高了31%；人均天然气消费量89.6立方米，提高了110%；人均用电量3493千瓦时，提高了60%。建成西气东输一线、二线工程，全国使用天然气人口超过1.8亿。实施农村电网改造升级工程，累计投入5500多亿元人民币，使农村用电状况发生了根本性变化。青藏联网工程建设成功，结束了西藏电网孤网运行的历史。推进无电地区电力建设，解决了3000多万无电人口的用电问题。在北方高寒地区建设了7000万千瓦热电联产项目，解决了4000多万城市人口的供暖问题。

-- Marked improvement in civil energy use conditions. The state actively promotes civil energy projects and works to enhance the overall level of energy service. Compared with 2006, the per-capita primary energy consumption in 2011 equaled 2.6 tons of standard coal, a 31 percent increase; the per-capita natural gas consumption reached 89.6 cu m, an increase of 110 percent; and the per-capita electricity consumption was 3,493 kw, a 60 percent increase. The first and second west-east gas pipelines have been completed, and more than 180 million people across the country have access to natural gas. The government has invested more than 550 billion yuan in power grid upgrading projects for rural areas, fundamentally improving access to electricity for rural residents. The Qinghai-Tibet electricity network project has been completed, connecting the power grid of the Tibetan plateau with those of the other parts of China. The state is accelerating the construction of electric power facilities in areas that as yet do not have electricity, and has so far ensured that more than 30 million people have access to electricity. Combined heat and power projects with a total installed capacity of 70 million kw have been built in high-altitude and frigid areas in northern China that provide more than 40 million urban residents access to heating.

——环境保护成效突出。中国加快采煤沉陷区治理，建立并完善煤炭开发和生态环境恢复补偿机制。2011年，原煤入选率达到52%，土地复垦率40%。加快建设燃煤电厂脱硫、脱硝设施，烟气脱硫机组占全国燃煤机组的比重达到90%左右。燃煤机组除尘设施安装率和废水排放达标率达到100%。加大煤层气（煤矿瓦斯）开发利用力度，抽采量达到114亿立方米，在全球率先实施了煤层气国家排放标准。五年来，单位国内生产总值能耗下降减排二氧化碳14.6亿吨。

-- Remarkable progress in environmental protection. The country is quickening the pace of control of coal mining subsidence areas, and establishes and improves the compensation mechanism for the exploitation of coal resources and restoration of the eco-environment. In 2011, the coal washing rate reached 52 percent and the land reclamation rate, 40 percent. Existing power plants have speeded up their desulfurization and denitration upgrading, and coal-fueled generating units with flue gas desulphurization facilities accounted for 90 percent of the national total. Coal-fueled generating units reported a 100-percent installation of dust-cleaning facilities and a 100-percent discharge of waste water up to the relevant standards. The state is intensifying efforts for the development and utilization of coal bed methane (CBM), extracting 11.4 billion sq m of CBM in 2011. China became the first country to adopt a national standard for CBM emissions. Its energy consumption per unit of GDP has dropped over the past five years, eliminating 1.46 billion tons of CO2 discharge.

——体制机制不断完善。市场机制在资源配置中发挥出越来越大的作用。能源领域投资主体实现多元化，民间投资不断发展壮大。煤炭生产和流通基本实现市场化。电力工业实现政企分开、厂网分离，监管体系初步建立。能源价格改革不断深化，价格形成机制逐步完善。开展了煤炭工业可持续发展政策措施试点。制定了风电与光伏发电标杆上网电价制度，建立了可再生能源发展基金等制度。加强能源法制建设，近年来新修订出台了《节约能源法》、《可再生能源法》、《循环经济促进法》、《石油天然气管道保护法》以及《民用建筑节能条例》、《公共机构节能条例》等法律法规。

-- Energy systems and mechanisms gradually improving. The market mechanism is playing an increasingly important role in resource allocation. Investors in the energy field are diversified, and private investment in it keeps growing. Market competition has been introduced into the production and distribution of coal. In the electric power industry, government administrative functions and enterprise management have been separated, as has power production from power transmission, and a supervisory system has taken shape. Energy pricing reform has been deepening, and the pricing mechanism is gradually improving. Relevant policies and measures for the sustainable development of the coal industry have been tried out. The state has also established a feed-in tariff (FIT) system for wind and photovoltaic power generation, and a renewable energy development fund. The legal system of energy-related laws has been strengthened, and a number of laws and regulations have been amended and published in the past few years, including the Energy Conservation Law, Renewable Energy Law, Circular Economy Promotion Law, Law on the Protection of Oil and Natural Gas Pipelines, Regulations on Energy Conservation in Civil Buildings, and Regulations on Energy Conservation by Public Institutions.

作为世界第一大能源生产国，中国主要依靠自身力量发展能源，能源自给率始终保持在90%左右。中国能源的发展，不仅保障了国内经济社会发展，也对维护世界能源安全作出了重大贡献。今后一段时期，中国仍将处于工业化、城镇化加快发展阶段，能源需求会继续增长，能源供应保障任务更加艰巨。

As the world's largest energy producer, China mainly relies on its own strength to develop energy, and its rate of self-sufficiency has reached around 90 percent. China's energy development not only guarantees domestic economic and social development, but also makes significant contributions to global energy security. For some time to come, China's industrialization and urbanization will continue to accelerate, and the demand for energy will go on increasing, and so its energy supply will confront increasingly tougher challenges.

——资源约束矛盾突出。中国人均能源资源拥有量在世界上处于较低水平，煤炭、石油和天然气的人均占有量仅为世界平均水平的67%、5.4%和7.5%。虽然近年来中国能源消费增长较快，但目前人均能源消费水平还比较低，仅为发达国家平均水平的三分之一。随着经济社会发展和人民生活水平的提高，未来能源消费还将大幅增长，资源约束不断加剧。

-- Prominent resources restraint. China's per-capita average of energy resources is low by world standards. China's per-capita shares of coal, petroleum and natural gas account for 67 percent, 5.4 percent, and 7.5 percent of the world's averages, respectively. Although China has experienced rapid growth in energy consumption over the past few years, its per-capita energy consumption is still low - only one third of the average of developed countries. But as the economy and society progress and living standards improve, China's energy consumption will continue to rise sharply, and there will be a growing restraint on resources.

——能源效率有待提高。中国产业结构不合理，经济发展方式有待改进。中国单位国内生产总值能耗不仅远高于发达国家，也高于一些新兴工业化国家。能源密集型产业技术落后，第二产业特别是高耗能工业能源消耗比重过高，钢铁、有色、化工、建材四大高耗能行业用能占到全社会用能的40%左右。能源效率相对较低，单位增加值能耗较高。

-- Low energy efficiency. China's industrial structure is yet to be rationalized and the economic growth pattern to be improved. Energy consumption per unit of GDP is much higher than those of developed countries and some newly industrialized countries. Energy-intensive industries are backward in technology. The percentage of energy consumption by the secondary industries, especially the energy-intensive industrial sectors, is too high in the country's total. The energy consumption of four major energy-intensive industries - steel, non-ferrous metals, chemicals, and building materials - accounts for 40 percent of the national total. Low energy efficiency results in high energy consumption for every unit of GDP.

——环境压力不断增大。化石能源特别是煤炭的大规模开发利用，对生态环境造成严重影响。大量耕地被占用和破坏，水资源污染严重，二氧化碳、二氧化硫、氮氧化物和有害重金属排放量大，臭氧及细颗粒物(PM2.5)等污染加剧。未来相当长时期内，化石能源在中国能源结构中仍占主体地位，保护生态环境、应对气候变化的压力日益增大，迫切需要能源绿色转型。

-- Increasing environmental pressure. Extensive development of fossil energy, particularly coal, has had a serious impact on the eco-environment. Large areas of arable land are taken up for other uses or even spoiled, water resources are seriously polluted, the discharge of carbon dioxide (CO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and toxic heavy metals remains high, and emissions of ozone and particles smaller than 2.5 micrometers (PM2.5) are increasing. For a long time to come, fossil energy will continue to dominate the energy consumption mix, posing a growing challenge for protecting the environment and countering climate change. A more environment-friendly energy mix is urgently needed.

——能源安全形势严峻。近年来能源对外依存度上升较快，特别是石油对外依存度从本世纪初的32％上升至目前的57％。石油海上运输安全风险加大，跨境油气管道安全运行问题不容忽视。国际能源市场价格波动增加了保障国内能源供应难度。能源储备规模较小，应急能力相对较弱，能源安全形势严峻。

-- Grave challenges to energy security. The country's dependence on foreign energy sources has been increasing in recent years. In particular, the percentage of imported petroleum in the total petroleum consumption has risen from 32 percent at the beginning of the 21st century to the present 57 percent. Marine transportation of petroleum and cross-border pipeline transmission of oil and gas face ever-greater security risks. Price fluctuations in the international energy market make it more difficult to guarantee domestic energy supply. It will not be easy for China to maintain its energy security since its energy reserves are small and its emergency response capability is weak.

——体制机制亟待改革。能源体制机制深层次矛盾不断积累，价格机制尚不完善，行业管理仍较薄弱，能源普遍服务水平亟待提高，体制机制约束已成为促进能源科学发展的严重障碍。

-- Reforms called for current systems and mechanisms. Energy-related systems and mechanisms still suffer from some long-term, deep-rooted problems. The energy pricing mechanism is yet to be perfected, and industrial management is still weak. The overall service level needs to be enhanced. Overall, restraints of the current systems and mechanisms have seriously hindered the rational development of the country's energy industry.

中国能源发展面临的这些问题，是由国际能源竞争格局、中国生产力水平以及所处发展阶段决定的，也与产业结构和能源结构不合理、能源开发利用方式粗放、相关体制机制改革滞后密切相关。中国将大力推动能源生产和利用方式变革，不断完善政策体系，努力实现能源与经济、社会、生态全面协调可持续发展。

The above problems challenging China's energy development are a result of the international energy competition, and China's levels of productivity and development, as well as the country's irrational industrial structure and energy mix, extensive development and utilization of energy resources, and sluggish reform of relevant systems and mechanisms. Therefore, China will vigorously promote the transformation of its energy production and utilization modes, continuously improve its energy policy, and strive to achieve a comprehensive, balanced and sustainable development of its energy, economy, society and eco-environment.

二、能源发展政策和目标

II. Policies and Goals of Energy Development

中国是世界上最大的发展中国家，面临着发展经济、改善民生、全面建设小康社会的艰巨任务。维护能源资源长期稳定可持续利用，是中国政府的一项重要战略任务。中国能源必须走科技含量高、资源消耗低、环境污染少、经济效益好、安全有保障的发展道路，全面实现节约发展、清洁发展和安全发展。

As the largest developing country in the world, China is faced with the daunting tasks of developing its economy, improving its people's livelihood, and building a moderately prosperous society. It is an important strategic task of the Chinese government to maintain long-term, stable and sustainable use of energy resources. China's energy development must follow a path featuring high-tech content, low consumption of resources, less environmental pollution, satisfactory economic returns, as well as security. It is moving towards the objective of economical, clean and secure development.

中国能源政策的基本内容是：坚持“节约优先、立足国内、多元发展、保护环境、科技创新、深化改革、国际合作、改善民生”的能源发展方针，推进能源生产和利用方式变革，构建安全、稳定、经济、清洁的现代能源产业体系，努力以能源的可持续发展支撑经济社会的可持续发展。

The basic contents of China's energy policies are: "giving priority to conservation, relying on domestic resources, encouraging diverse development, protecting the environment, promoting scientific and technological innovation, deepening reform, expanding international cooperation, and improving the people's livelihood." The state strives to advance the transformation of its energy production and utilization modes, and build a modern energy industrial system which features secure, stable, economical and clean development, so as to support sustainable economic and social development with sustainable energy development.

——节约优先。实施能源消费总量和强度双控制，努力构建节能型生产消费体系，促进经济发展方式和生活消费模式转变，加快构建节能型国家和节约型社会。

-- Giving priority to conservation. The state exercises control over both total energy consumption and intensity. It is working to build an energy-saving production and consumption system, promote the transformation of the patterns of economic development and household consumption, and accelerate the pace of building an energy-efficient country and an energy-saving society.

——立足国内。立足国内资源优势和发展基础，着力增强能源供给保障能力，完善能源储备应急体系，合理控制对外依存度，提高能源安全保障水平。

-- Relying on domestic resources. The country relies on domestic resource advantages and its own development basis, makes special efforts to enhance its energy supply capability and security, improves its emergency energy reserve and emergency response systems, and controls its dependence on foreign energy sources.

——多元发展。着力提高清洁低碳化石能源和非化石能源比重，大力推进煤炭高效清洁利用，积极实施能源科学替代，加快优化能源生产和消费结构。

-- Encouraging diverse development. China endeavors to raise the proportion of clean, low-carbon fossil energy and non-fossil energy in the energy mix, promotes the efficient and clean utilization of coal, develops substitute energy resources in a scientific way, and speeds up the optimization of energy production and the consumption mix.

——保护环境。树立绿色、低碳发展理念，统筹能源资源开发利用与生态环境保护，在保护中开发，在开发中保护，积极培育符合生态文明要求的能源发展模式。

-- Protecting the environment. The state encourages fostering the concept of environment-friendly and low-carbon development, coordinates the development and use of energy resources with the protection of the eco-environment while paying equal attention to both, and actively fosters an energy development pattern that meets the requirements of ecological civilization.

——科技创新。加强基础科学研究和前沿技术研究，增强能源科技创新能力。依托重点能源工程，推动重大核心技术和关键装备自主创新，加快创新型人才队伍建设。

-- Promoting scientific and technological innovation. The state strengthens basic scientific research and frontier technological research in the energy field to enhance its scientific and technological innovation capabilities. Through the implementation of key energy projects, the state advances independent innovation in key technologies and equipment, and speeds up the fostering of innovative personnel.

——深化改革。充分发挥市场机制作用，统筹兼顾，标本兼治，加快推进重点领域和关键环节改革，构建有利于促进能源可持续发展的体制机制。

-- Deepening reform. The state gives full play to the role of the market mechanism, makes unified planning with due consideration for all concerned, addresses both root causes and symptoms of various problems, and expedites the reform in key fields and links to establish a framework of systems and mechanisms conducive to sustainable energy development.

——国际合作。统筹国内国际两个大局，大力拓展能源国际合作范围、渠道和方式，提升能源“走出去”和“引进来”水平，推动建立国际能源新秩序，努力实现合作共赢。

-- Expanding international cooperation. China gives simultaneous consideration to both domestic and international energy development, works to increase the scope, channels and forms of international cooperation, enhances its capability to "introduce" and "go global," propels the establishment of a new international energy order and promotes mutually beneficial cooperation.

——改善民生。统筹城乡和区域能源发展，加强能源基础设施和基本公共服务能力建设，尽快消除能源贫困，努力提高人民群众用能水平。

-- Improving the people's livelihood. The state coordinates energy development in both urban and rural areas, enhances energy infrastructure and basic public services, and strives to eliminate energy poverty and improve civil energy-use conditions.

《中华人民共和国国民经济和社会发展第十二个五年规划纲要》提出：到2015年，中国非化石能源占一次能源消费比重达到11.4%，单位国内生产总值能源消耗比2010年降低16%，单位国内生产总值二氧化碳排放比2010年降低17%。

It is stipulated in the Outline of the 12th Five-Year Plan (2011-2015) for National Economic and Social Development that by 2015 non-fossil energy will rise to 11.4 percent in the national total primary energy consumption, energy consumption per unit of GDP will drop by 16 percent from 2010, and CO2 emission per unit of GDP will decrease by 17 percent from 2010.

中国政府承诺，到2020年非化石能源占一次能源消费比重将达到15%左右，单位国内生产总值二氧化碳排放比2005年下降40%—45%。作为负责任的大国，中国将为实现此目标不懈努力。

The Chinese government has made the commitment that by 2020 non-fossil energy will account for 15 percent of its total primary energy consumption, and CO2 emission per unit of GDP will be 40-45 percent lower than in 2005. As a responsible nation, China will make every effort to fulfill its commitment.

三、全面推进能源节约

III. All-round Promotion of Energy Conservation

中国人口众多、资源相对不足，要实现能源资源永续利用和经济社会可持续发展，必须走节约能源的道路。

China is a country with a large population but relevant deficiency in resources. To attain sustainable use of energy resources and sustainable economic and social development, it must take the path of conserving energy.

中国始终把节约能源放在优先位置。早在20世纪80年代初，国家就提出了“开发与节约并举，把节约放在首位”的发展方针。2006年，中国政府发布《关于加强节能工作的决定》。2007年，发布《节能减排综合性工作方案》，全面部署了工业、建筑、交通等重点领域节能工作。实施“十大节能工程”，推动燃煤工业锅炉(窑炉)改造、余热余压利用、电机系统节能、建筑节能、绿色照明、政府机构节能，形成3.4亿吨标准煤的节能能力。开展“千家企业节能行动”，重点企业生产综合能耗等指标大幅下降，节约能源1.5亿吨标准煤。“十一五”期间，单位国内生产总值能耗下降19.1%。

China always puts energy conservation in the first place. In the early 1980s, it put forward the development policy of "stressing both development and saving, with priority given to saving." The Chinese government issued the Decision of the State Council on Strengthening Energy Conservation in 2006. It issued the Comprehensive Work Plan on Energy Conservation and Emission Reduction in 2007, making an all-round plan for the major sectors of energy consumption, such as industry, construction and transportation. China carried out ten key energy-conservation projects, including the innovation of coal-fueled industrial boilers (kilns), surplus heat and pressure utilization, energy saving in electrical motors, construction of energy-saving buildings, the green lighting project, and energy saving in government bodies, thus increasing its energy-conservation capacity to 340 million tons of standard coal. The Chinese government launched an energy conservation drive among 1,000 enterprises, resulting in a sharp decline in the comprehensive energy consumption index of key industries, and saving energy equivalent to 150 million tons of standard coal. China's energy consumption per unit of GDP dropped 19.1 percent during its 11th Five-Year Plan period (2006-2010).

2011年，中国发布了《“十二五”节能减排综合性工作方案》，提出“十二五”期间节能减排的主要目标和重点工作，把降低能源强度、减少主要污染物排放总量、合理控制能源消费总量工作有机结合起来，形成“倒逼机制”，推动经济结构战略性调整，优化产业结构和布局，强化工业、建筑、交通运输、公共机构以及城乡建设和消费领域用能管理，全面建设资源节约型和环境友好型社会。

In 2011, the State Council released the Comprehensive Work Plan on Energy Conservation and Emission Reduction During the 12th Five-Year Plan Period. This plan proposed the major objectives and key actions in the fields of energy conservation and emission reduction during this period. China aims to establish a "reverse coercion mechanism" through the dynamic integration of its efforts in lowering the intensity of energy consumption, reducing the total emissions of major pollutants, and rationally controlling total energy consumption. The "reverse coercion mechanism" helps promote the strategic restructuring of the economy, push forward the optimization of the industrial structure, and strengthen all aspects of energy utilization management in industry, construction, transportation, and public organizations, as well as in the fields of urban and rural construction and consumption, thus contributing to the building of a resource-conserving and environment-friendly society.

——优化产业结构。中国坚持把调整产业结构作为节约能源的战略重点。严格控制低水平重复建设，加速淘汰高耗能、高排放落后产能。加快运用先进适用技术改造提升传统产业。提高加工贸易准入门槛，促进加工贸易转型升级。改善外贸结构，推动外贸发展从能源和劳动力密集型向资金和技术密集型转变。推动服务业大发展。培育发展战略性新兴产业，加快形成先导性、支柱性产业。

-- Optimization of the industrial structure. The country puts the adjustment of the industrial structure in the key place of its energy conservation strategy. It exercises strict control over low-level duplicated construction, and eliminates industries with high consumption and high pollutant emission, and backward productivity. China expedites the transformation of its traditional industries with advanced and applicable technology. It raises the entry threshold for processing trade, and promotes its transformation and upgrading. It improves the structure of foreign trade, and transforms its energy- and labor-intensive development mode into a capital- and technology-intensive one. It pushes forward the development of the service trades, fosters and develops emerging industries of strategic importance, and speeds up the formation of pioneer and pillar industries.

——加强工业节能。工业用能占到中国能源消费的70%以上，工业是节约能源的重点领域。国家制定钢铁、石化、有色、建材等重点行业节能减排先进适用技术目录，淘汰落后的工艺、装备和产品，发展节能型、高附加值的产品和装备。建立完善重点行业单位产品能耗限额强制性标准体系，强化节能评估审查制度。组织实施热电联产、工业副产煤气回收利用、企业能源管控中心建设、节能产业培育等重点节能工程，提升企业能源利用效率。

-- Strengthening energy conservation in industry. With its energy consumption taking up about 70 percent of China's total, industry is the major energy consumer in China. The state has drawn up catalog of advanced and applicable technologies in the fields of energy conservation and emission reduction for key industries such as iron and steel, petrochemicals, non-ferrous metals and building materials, for the purpose of eliminating backward technology, equipment and products, and developing energy-saving and high-value-added products and equipment. It has established and improved a mandatory standards system of quotas for energy consumption per-unit product in key industries, and strengthened the energy-saving evaluation and supervision system. It has undertaken key energy-saving projects, including simultaneous generation of heat and power, recycling of industrial by-product gas, construction of enterprise energy-control centers, and fostering of energy-saving industries, so as to increase its enterprises' energy utilization efficiency.

——实施建筑节能。国家大力发展绿色建筑，全面推进建筑节能。建立健全绿色建筑标准，推行绿色建筑评级与标识。推进既有建筑节能改造，实行公共建筑能耗限额和能效公示制度，建立建筑使用全寿命周期管理制度，严格建筑拆除管理。制定和实施公共机构节能规划，加强公共建筑节能监管体系建设。推进北方采暖地区既有建筑供热计量和节能改造，实施“节能暖房”工程，改造供热老旧管网，实行供热计量收费和能耗定额管理。

-- Promoting building energy conservation. China makes vigorous efforts to construct green buildings and comprehensively advance energy conservation in buildings. It sets and improves the standards for green buildings, and implements rating and identification of green buildings. It actively promotes energy-saving renovation of existing buildings, and sets quotas for energy consumption by public buildings and publicizes their energy efficiency rates. It has set up a management system for the life cycles of buildings, and exercises strict control over demolition of buildings. China has also made and implemented an energy-saving plan for public institutions, and strengthened the establishment of a supervisory system for energy conservation in public buildings. It carries forward heat metering and energy efficiency renovations on existing residential heating systems in the northern regions of China, builds energy-saving greenhouses, improves the old heat-supply network, and practices metered heat-supply charging and energy consumption quota management.

——推进交通节能。全面推行公交优先发展战略，积极推进城际轨道交通建设，合理引导绿色出行。实施世界先进水平的汽车燃料油耗量标准，推广应用节能环保型交通工具。加速淘汰老旧汽车、机车、船舶。优化交通运输结构，大力发展绿色物流。提高铁路电气化比重，开展机场、码头、车站节能改造。积极推进新能源汽车研发与应用，科学规划和建设加气、充电等配套设施。

-- Pushing forward energy conservation in transportation. China continues to give priority to public transport, actively develops intercity rail transportation, and rationally encourages green commuting. China implements the fuel economy standard of the world's advanced level for automobiles, and popularizes energy-saving and environment-friendly vehicles. It speeds up the elimination of old automobiles, locomotives and ships. Vigorous efforts are made to optimize the transportation structure and develop green logistics. China increases the electrification rate in rail transportation, and launches energy-saving renovations at airports, piers and railway stations. It actively develops and popularizes new energy vehicles, and makes scientific plans for the construction of supporting facilities, including compressed natural gas filling and electricity charging facilities.

——倡导全民节能。加大节能教育与宣传，鼓励引导城乡居民形成绿色消费模式和生活方式，增强全民节约意识。严格执行公共机构节能标准和规范，发挥政府机关示范带头作用。动员社会各界广泛参与，积极开展小区、学校、政府机关、军营和企业的节能行动，努力建立全社会节能的长效机制。推广农业和农村节能减排，推进节能型住宅建设。

-- Promoting energy conservation among all citizens. The Chinese government will intensify efforts in energy-saving education and publicity. It works hard to bring into being a green mode of consumption and green lifestyle among urban and rural residents, and strengthens the public awareness of the importance of resource conservation. It strictly enforces the energy-saving standards of public institutions, and gives full play to the demonstration and leading role of government organs in energy conservation. It mobilizes all sectors of society to participate in energy conservation by conducting relevant activities in residential areas, schools, government organs, the armed forces and enterprises. All these measures help build a long-term mechanism of energy conservation with the participation of all sectors of society. Attention is also paid to energy conservation and emission reduction in rural areas, such as the construction of energy-saving houses.

四、大力发展新能源和可再生能源

IV. Vigorously Developing New and Renewable Energy

大力发展新能源和可再生能源，是推进能源多元清洁发展、培育战略性新兴产业的重要战略举措，也是保护生态环境、应对气候变化、实现可持续发展的迫切需要。中国坚定不移地大力发展新能源和可再生能源，到“十二五”末，非化石能源消费占一次能源消费比重将达到11.4%，非化石能源发电装机比重达到30%。

Vigorously developing new and renewable energy is a key strategic measure for promoting the multiple and clean development of energy, and fostering emerging industries of strategic importance. It is also an urgent need in the protection of the environment, response to climate change and achievement of sustainable development. Through unswerving efforts in developing new and renewable energy sources, China endeavors to increase the shares of non-fossil fuels in primary energy consumption and installed generating capacity to 11.4 percent and 30 percent, respectively, by the end of the 12th Five-Year Plan.

——积极发展水电。中国水能资源蕴藏丰富，技术可开发量5.42亿千瓦，居世界第一。按发电量计算，中国目前的水电开发程度不到30%，仍有较大的开发潜力。实现2020年非化石能源消费比重达到15%的目标，一半以上需要依靠水电来完成。在做好生态环境保护、移民安置的前提下，中国将积极发展水电，把水电开发与促进当地就业和经济发展结合起来，切实做到“开发一方资源，发展一方经济，改善一方环境，造福一方百姓”。完善水电移民安置政策，健全利益共享机制。加强生态环境保护和环境影响评价，严格落实已建水电站的生态保护措施，提高水资源综合利用水平和生态环境效益。做好水电开发流域规划，加快重点流域大型水电站建设，因地制宜开发中小河流水能资源，科学规划建设抽水蓄能电站。到2015年，中国水电装机容量将达到2.9亿千瓦。

-- Actively developing hydropower. China boasts abundant hydropower resources. Its technically exploitable hydropower resources are equal to 542 million kw, putting the country first in the world. Calculated according to power generation, less than 30 percent of China's hydropower resources are currently utilized, leaving plenty of room for development in this regard. In order to attain the goal of increasing non-fossil energy consumption to 15 percent of the total energy consumption by 2020, more than half will come from hydropower development. On the condition that the ecological environment is protected and resettlements of local people affected are properly handled, China will energetically develop hydropower. By integrating hydropower development with promotion of local employment and economic development, the Chinese government aims to "develop local resources, stimulate local economic development, improve the local environment and benefit local people." The country strives to improve its resettlement policies regarding local people affected by hydropower projects, and perfect the benefit-sharing mechanism. China will strengthen ecological-protection and environmental-impact assessment, strictly implement measures to protect the environment of existing hydropower stations, and improve the comprehensive utilization level and eco-environmental benefits of water resources. In accordance with rational river basin planning for hydropower development, China will speed up the construction of large hydropower stations on key rivers, develop medium- and small-sized hydropower stations based on local conditions, and construct pumped-storage power stations in appropriate circumstances. The country's installed hydropower generating capacity is expected to reach 290 million kw by 2015.

——安全高效发展核电。核电是一种清洁、高效、优质的现代能源。发展核电对优化能源结构、保障国家能源安全具有重要意义。目前中国核电发电量仅占总发电量的1.8%，远远低于14%的世界平均水平。核安全是核电发展的生命线。日本福岛核事故发生后，中国对境内核电厂开展了全面、严格的综合安全检查。检查结果表明，中国核电安全是有保障的，在运核电机组20年来从未发生过2级及以上核安全事件(事故)，主要运行参数好于世界平均值，部分指标进入国际先进行列或达到国际领先水平。继续坚持科学理性的核安全理念，把“安全第一”的原则严格落实到核电规划、选址、研发、设计、建造、运营、退役等全过程。制定和完善核电法规体系。健全和优化核电安全管理机制，从严设置准入门槛，落实安全主体责任。完善核电监管体系，加强在建及运行核电厂的安全监督检查和辐射环境监督管理。建立健全国家核事故应急机制，提高应急能力。加大核电科技创新投入，推广应用先进核电技术，提高核电装备水平，重视核电人才培养。到2015年，中国运行核电装机容量将达到4000万千瓦。

-- Developing nuclear power in a safe and highly efficient way. As nuclear power is a high-quality, clean and efficient modern energy source, its development is of great significance for optimizing the nation's energy structure and ensuring national energy security. At present, nuclear power only accounts for 1.8 percent of China's total power output, far below the world average, which is 14 percent. Nuclear safety is essential for nuclear power development. Since the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster in 2011, China has launched comprehensive safety inspections at all nuclear power plants. The inspection results show that nuclear security is guaranteed in China. Over the past 20 years, Chinese nuclear power units in operation have never had accidents at and above Level 2, with major operating parameters being better than the world's average and some indices even reaching the leading or advanced world level. Upholding a scientific and rational concept of nuclear security, China implements the principle of "safety first" in the whole process of nuclear power station planning, site selection, R&D, design, construction, operation and decommissioning. It has established and improved a legal system on nuclear power, improved and optimized the safety management mechanism of nuclear power, set a high entry threshold in this regard, and clarified safety responsibility. It has improved the supervision system of nuclear power by strengthening safety supervision and inspection, and radiation environment supervision and management at nuclear power plants in operation and under construction. An emergency mechanism for nuclear accidents has been established and improved to enhance the country's emergency response capability. China will invest more in nuclear power technological innovations, promote application of advanced technology, improve the equipment level, and attach great importance to personnel training. China's installed capacity of nuclear power is expected to reach 40 million kw by 2015.

——有效发展风电。风电是现阶段最具规模化开发和市场化利用条件的非水可再生能源。中国是世界上风电发展最快的国家，“十二五”时期，坚持集中开发与分散发展并举，优化风电开发布局。有序推进西北、华北、东北风能资源丰富地区风电建设，加快分散风能资源的开发利用。稳步发展海上风电。完善风电设备标准和产业监测体系。鼓励风电设备企业加强关键技术研发，加快风电产业技术升级。通过加强电网建设、改进电网调度水平、提高风电设备性能、加强风电预测预报等途径，提高电力系统消纳风电的能力。到2015年，中国风电装机将突破1亿千瓦，其中海上风电装机达到500万千瓦。

-- Effectively developing wind power. As a non-water renewable energy, wind power is currently the most appropriate energy source for large-scale development and market-driven utilization. China's wind power industry is the fastest-growing in the world. During the 12th Five-Year Plan period, China will stress both intensive and distributed exploitation, and optimize the development layout of wind power. It will push forward wind power construction in an orderly way in the northwestern, northern and northeastern regions, which boast abundant wind energy, and speed up the development and utilization of distributed resources. It will steadily develop offshore wind farms, and improve the standards for wind-power equipment and the supervision system of this industry. China will encourage wind-power equipment manufacturers to expedite R&D of key technologies, so as to accelerate the technological upgrading of this industry. By means of speeding up grid construction, increasing the grid's dispatch level, improving the performance of wind-power equipment, and strengthening wind-power prediction and forecast, China aims to improve its power grids' wind-power integration ability. The installed generating capacity of wind power is expected to reach 100 million kw by the end of 2015, with 500 kw of generating capacity coming from offshore wind farms.

——积极利用太阳能。中国太阳能资源丰富，开发潜力巨大，具有广阔的应用前景。“十二五”时期，中国坚持集中开发与分布式利用相结合，推进太阳能多元化利用。在青海、新疆、甘肃、内蒙古等太阳能资源丰富、具有荒漠和闲散土地资源的地区，以增加当地电力供应为目的，建设大型并网光伏电站和太阳能热发电项目。鼓励在中东部地区建设与建筑结合的分布式光伏发电系统。加大太阳能热水器普及力度，鼓励太阳能集中供热水、太阳能采暖和制冷、太阳能中高温工业应用。在农村、边疆和小城镇推广使用太阳能热水器、太阳灶和太阳房。到2015年，中国将建成太阳能发电装机容量2100万千瓦以上，太阳能集热面积达到4亿平方米。

-- Actively making use of solar energy. China is rich in solar energy, which boasts immense room for development and has a promising future. During the 12th Five-Year Plan period, China will promote diverse patterns of solar-power development by integrating intensive exploitation with distributed utilization. It will construct large on-grid photovoltaic power stations and solar power generation projects in Qinghai and Gansu provinces, and the Xinjiang Uygur and Inner Mongolia autonomous regions, which boast abundant solar energy and scattered plots of unutilized land, for the purpose of increasing local supplies of electricity. It will encourage the central and eastern regions to construct distributed photovoltaic power generation systems linked to local buildings. Intensified efforts will be made to popularize solar water heaters, and promote the development of solar central hot-water supply, solar heating and cooling, and medium- and high-temperature industrial applications of solar energy. It will spread solar water heaters, solar cookers and solar houses in the countryside, border areas, and small cities and towns. China's installed generating capacity of solar energy is expected to exceed 21 million kw by 2015, with a total solar heat collection area of 400 million sq m.

——开发利用生物质能等其他可再生能源。中国坚持“统筹兼顾、因地制宜、综合利用、有序发展”的原则，发展生物质能等其他可再生能源。在粮棉主产区，有序发展以农作物秸秆、粮食加工剩余物和蔗渣等为燃料的生物质发电。在林木资源丰富地区，适度发展林木生物质发电。发展城市垃圾焚烧和填埋气发电。在具备条件的地区推进沼气等生物质供气工程。因地制宜建设生物质成型燃料生产基地。发展生物柴油，开展纤维素乙醇产业示范。在保护地下水资源的前提下，推广地热能高效利用技术。加强对潮汐能、波浪能、干热岩发电等开发利用技术的跟踪和研发。

-- Developing and utilizing biomass energy and other types of renewable energy. China will develop biomass energy and other renewable energy resources under the principle of "orderly development based on local conditions and comprehensive utilization with all factors taken into consideration." It will promote power generation using crop stalks, grain-processing residues and bagasse as fuels in major producing areas of grain and cotton; and carefully develop woody biomass power generation in forest-covered areas. Attention will be given to the promotion of electricity generation by means of waste incineration and landfill gas in urban areas. The country will also speed up the construction of biomass gas, including methane, supply systems in eligible regions, and build production bases of biomass molding fuel in accordance with local conditions. Efforts will also be made to develop biodiesel and industrial cellulosic ethanol. China will spread the technology of efficiently using geothermal energy on the condition that underground water is protected. It will reinforce the tracking and R&D of electricity generation technologies by using tidal energy, wave energy and hot dry rocks.

——促进清洁能源分布式利用。中国坚持“自用为主、富余上网、因地制宜、有序推进”的原则，积极发展分布式能源。在能源负荷中心，加快建设天然气分布式能源系统。以城市、工业园区等能源消费中心为重点，大力推进分布式可再生能源技术应用。因地制宜在农村、林区、海岛推进分布式可再生能源建设。制定分布式能源标准，完善分布式能源上网电价形成机制和政策，努力实现分布式发电直供及无歧视、无障碍接入电网。“十二五”期间建设1000个左右天然气分布式能源项目，以及10个左右各类典型特征的分布式能源示范区域。

-- Promoting distributed utilization of clean energy. China will energetically develop distributed energy resources on the principle of "giving priority to local supply, feeding the surplus into the grid, development based on local conditions, and advancing in an orderly way." It will accelerate the construction of distributed energy systems (DES) for natural gas at energy load centers. It will energetically spread the technology of distributed renewable energy, especially in high energy-consumption centers, including cities and industrial parks. It will carry out distributed renewable energy construction in rural areas, forest regions and islands in accordance with local conditions. Efforts will be made to set standards for distributed energy, and improve the formation mechanism and polices for on-grid price. Hard work will be done to realize direct supply, and non-discriminatory and barrier-free connection to the grid of power generated in the distributed manner. During the 12th Five-Year Plan period, China will construct about 1,000 projects of natural gas DES, and ten distributed energy demonstration areas with various typical characteristics.

五、推动化石能源清洁发展

V. Promoting Clean Development of Fossil Energy

从世界范围看，今后相当长时期内，煤炭、石油等化石能源仍将是能源供应的主体，中国也不例外。中国统筹化石能源开发利用与环境保护，加快建设先进生产能力，淘汰落后产能，大力推动化石能源清洁发展，保护生态环境，应对气候变化，实现节能减排。

Worldwide, fossil energy, including coal and oil, will continue to play a dominant role in energy supply for a long time to come. China is no exception. Therefore, China will continue to plan fossil exploitation and utilization, with environmental protection taken into account. It will speed up the construction of advanced production capacity, eliminate outdated capacity, push forward the clean development of fossil energy, protect the ecological environment and cope with climate change, so as to attain the goal of energy conservation and emission reduction.

——安全高效开发煤炭。中国煤炭工业坚持科学布局、集约开发、安全生产、高效利用、保护环境的发展方针。按照控制东部、稳定中部、发展西部的原则，推进陕北、黄陇、神东等14个大型煤炭基地建设。实施煤炭资源整合和煤矿企业兼并重组，发展大型煤炭企业集团。优先建设大型现代化露天煤矿和特大型矿井。实施煤矿升级改造和淘汰落后产能，提高采煤机械化程度和安全生产水平。大力发展矿区循环经济，加大煤炭洗选比重，合理开发煤炭共伴生资源。按照能源密集、技术密集、资金密集、长产业链、高附加值的发展导向，有序建设煤炭深加工升级示范工程。鼓励建设低热值煤炭清洁利用和加工转化项目。加强煤炭矿区环境保护和生态建设，做好采煤沉陷区和影响区的生态综合治理、土地复垦等工作。

-- Developing the coal industry in a safe and highly efficient way. China sticks to the guideline of "scientific overall arrangement, intensive development, safe production, efficient utilization and environmental protection" in the development of the coal industry. Following the principle of "enforcing control in the eastern regions, maintaining stability in the central regions, and promoting development in the western regions," it will push ahead with the building of 14 large coal-mining bases, including the Shaanbei, Huanglong and Shendong coalfields. By means of integration of coal resources, and merger and reorganization of coal mining enterprises, the country will bring into being large coal mining conglomerates. Priority will be given to the development of large open-pit and super-large coal mines. It aims to enhance overall mechanization and safe production in coal mining through upgrading and reconstruction, and elimination of outdated production capacity. Vigorous efforts will be made to develop a circular economy in the mining areas, increase the washing and dressing rate of raw coal, and rationally develop associated resources. Following the approach of energy, technology and capital-intensive development with extensive industrial chain and high added value, the country will develop demonstration projects of upgraded downstream products in an orderly way. It will encourage the construction of projects for clean production, utilization, processing and conversion of low-calorific-value coal. It will strengthen environmental protection and ecological construction in the mining areas by way of comprehensive ecological management and land reclamation in mining-subsidence and other areas affected by coal-mining operations.

——清洁高效发展火电。中国坚持低碳、清洁、高效的原则，大力发展绿色火电。鼓励煤电一体化开发，稳步推进大型煤电基地建设。积极应用超临界、超超临界等先进发电技术，建设清洁高效燃煤机组和节能环保电厂。继续淘汰能耗高、污染重的小火电机组。严格控制燃煤电厂污染物排放，新建煤电机组同步安装除尘、脱硫、脱硝设施，加快既有电厂烟气除尘、脱硫、脱硝改造。鼓励在大中型城市和工业园区等热负荷集中的地区建设热电联产机组。在条件适宜的地区，合理建设燃气蒸汽联合循环调峰机组，积极推广天然气热电冷联供。严格控制在环渤海、长三角、珠三角地区新增除“上大压小”和热电联产之外的燃煤机组。加强火电厂节水技术的推广应用。开展整体煤气化联合循环发电，以及碳捕捉与利用封存等技术应用示范项目。

-- Spurring clean and highly efficient development of thermal power. Upholding the principle of low-carbon, clean and efficient development, China actively promotes green thermal power generation. It encourages coal-electricity integration, and steadily pushes forward the construction of large coal-fired power bases. It vigorously applies advanced technologies, including supercritical and ultra-supercritical power generation, in the construction of clean, highly efficient and environment-friendly coal-fired power generating sets and energy-saving power plants. It speeds up the elimination of small thermal power units marked by high energy consumption and heavy pollution. In order to strictly control pollutant emissions from coal-fired power plants, newly built coal-fired power generating sets must install dust-removing, desulfurization and denitration facilities, and the existing plants are asked to speed up their dust removal, desulfurization and denitration upgrading. It encourages the construction of thermoelectricity co-generation units in large- and medium-sized cities and industrial parks where thermal loads are relatively concentrated. It constructs combined-cycle gas-steam peak-load units and promotes heat-electricity-cooling co-generation with natural gas as fuel in accordance with local conditions. It has imposed strict restrictions on the construction of new coal-fired power generating sets in the Bohai Rim, Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta areas, except those built for the purpose of "constructing large units and restricting small ones" and co-generation. Intensified efforts have been made to spread water-saving technology in thermal power plants. It develops the integrated gasification combined cycle power generation, and demonstration projects of carbon capture, utilization and storage.

——加大常规油气资源勘探开发力度。中国将继续实行油气并举的方针，稳定东部、加快西部、发展南方、开拓海域。推进原油增储稳产，稳步推进塔里木盆地、鄂尔多斯盆地等重点石油规模生产区勘探开发。加强老油田稳产改造，提高采收率。加快天然气发展，加大中西部地区主力气田产能建设，抓好主力气田增产，推进海上油气田勘探开发，逐步提高天然气在一次能源结构中的比重。优化炼油工业布局，建设若干大型炼化基地，形成环渤海、长三角、珠三角三大炼油集聚区，实现上下游一体化、炼油化工一体化、炼油储备一体化集约发展。

-- Intensified efforts in prospecting and exploitation of conventional oil and gas resources. China will continue to implement the policy of "simultaneous development of oil and gas," with the target of stabilization in the east, acceleration in the west, development in the south and exploitation in the offshore areas. The country will steadily increase crude oil output and reserves by means of stepping up efforts in prospecting for and exploiting oil in major oil-production areas, including those in the Tarim and Ordos basins, and improving renovation for stable yields and increasing the recovery ratio in old oilfields. In its efforts to speed up the development of natural gas, the country will enhance the productivity and increase the output of natural gas in major gas fields in the central and western regions, push forward the development of offshore oil-gas fields, and gradually increase the proportion of natural gas in the primary energy structure. It will optimize the distribution of the refining industry, construct some large refining and chemical bases, and establish three major refining cluster areas in the Bohai Rim, Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta, so as to realize upstream and downstream integration, refining and chemicals integration, and refining-reserve integrated management.

——积极推进非常规油气资源开发利用。加快非常规油气资源勘探开发是增强中国能源供应保障能力的重要手段。中国将加快煤层气勘探开发，增加探明地质储量，推进沁水盆地、鄂尔多斯盆地东缘等煤层气产业化基地建设。加快页岩气勘探开发，优选一批页岩气远景区和有利目标区。加快攻克页岩气勘探开发核心技术，建立页岩气勘探开发新机制，落实产业鼓励政策，完善配套基础设施，实现到2015年全国产量达到65亿立方米的总体目标，为页岩气未来的快速发展奠定坚实的基础。加大页岩油、油砂等非常规油气资源勘探开发力度。

-- Actively promoting the development and utilization of non-conventional oil and gas resources. China's efforts to expedite the development of non-conventional oil and gas resources are an important way to enhance its security of energy supply. It will speed up the exploration and exploitation of coal-bed gas, increase the proven geological reserves, and push forward the construction of industrial bases in the Qinshui Basin and eastern edge of the Ordos Basin. In order to accelerate the development of shale gas, the country will select a group of prospective areas and favorable exploration target areas, intensify efforts to solve difficulties in core technology, set up a new development mechanism, implement incentive polices for the shale gas industry, and improve supporting facilities. China aims to increase its annual output of shale gas to 6.5 billion cu m by 2015, and lay a solid foundation for the future rapid development of shale gas. In addition, it will strengthen the development of shale oil, oil sand and other non-conventional oil and gas resources.

——加强能源储运设施建设。综合考虑目标市场，产业布局调整，煤电、风电、核电、天然气发电、抽水蓄能等电源点建设和进口能源，以及资源地的水和生态环境承载力等因素，统筹谋划能源输送通道建设。加快既有铁路干线扩能改造和新建铁路煤运通道建设，提高煤炭跨区运输能力，建设配套港口码头。进一步扩大西电东送、北电南送规模，完善区域主干电网，发展特高压等先进输电技术，提高电网资源优化配置能力。加强原油、成品油和天然气主干管网建设，提高油气管输比例，完善区域运输网络，建设沿海大型油气接卸站。严格落实石油天然气管道保护法律法规，确保油气管道安全运行。统筹资源储备和国家储备、商业储备，加强应急保障能力建设，完善原油、成品油、天然气和煤炭储备体系。提高天然气调峰能力。建立健全煤炭调峰储备。

-- Enhancing the construction of energy storage and transportation facilities. When making a plan for the construction of energy output channels, China takes many factors into consideration, including target market, industrial restructuring, construction of plants that rely on coal, wind, nuclear energy, natural gas and pumped storage for electricity generation, imported energy resources, and bearing capacity of local water resources and the ecological environment. It will increase the cross-regional coal transport capacity through technological renovation of existing railway lines, construction of new coal-transport channels, and building of supporting piers. It will expand the scope of power transmission from western to eastern China and from northern to southern China, strengthen the building of regional power grids, improve the technology of ultra-high voltage transmission, and enhance the grids' ability to optimize resource allocation. The country will expedite the construction of networks of crude oil, product oil and natural gas pipelines, increase the proportion of oil and gas transported by pipelines, improve regional networks of oil and gas pipelines, and build large coastal loading and unloading stations. It will strictly enforce laws and regulations concerning the protection of oil and gas pipelines to ensure their safe operation. China will balance its resource reserves, both state reserves and commercial reserves, enhance its ability to extend emergency support, and improve the reserve system of crude oil, product oil, natural gas and coal. Efforts will also be made to enhance the peak-shaving ability of natural gas, and build and improve coal peak-shaving reserves.

六、提高能源普遍服务水平

VI. Improving Universal Energy Service

保障和改善民生是中国能源发展的根本出发点和落脚点。中国统筹城乡能源协调发展，加强能源基础设施建设，改善广大农村和边疆少数民族地区用能条件，提高能源基本服务均等化水平，让能源发展成果更多地惠及全体人民。

The fundamental objective of China's energy development is to guarantee and improve the livelihood of its people. China makes great efforts to equalize access to basic energy service for its entire population. It balances the energy development in both urban and rural areas, enhances energy infrastructure and improves the energy conditions in the vast rural and border areas and areas inhabited by ethnic minorities in compact communities, so that energy development can benefit all Chinese people.

——解决无电人口用电问题。增加财政投入，通过扩大电网覆盖面和发展分散式可再生能源，着力解决西藏、新疆、青海、云南、四川、内蒙古等省区无电人口用电问题。在无电人口集中地区，建立并完善承担社会公共服务功能的电力普遍服务体系。2015年前基本解决无电人口的用电问题。

-- Providing universal access to electric power. In order to provide the people who have no access to electricity yet in the Tibet, Xinjiang Uygur and Inner Mongolia autonomous regions, as well as Qinghai, Yunnan and Sichuan provinces with electric power, the Chinese government increases investment to expand the coverage of the power grids and develop distributed renewable energy sources. In areas without grid connection, China establishes and completes the universal electric service system. By 2015, most of the people who at present don't have electricity in China will gain access to it.

——大力推进农村能源建设。加强农村能源建设，对改善农村民生，发展现代农业意义重大。坚持“因地制宜、多能互补、综合利用、注重实效”的原则，加强农村能源基础设施建设，完善农村能源管理和服务体系。推进农村电网建设和改造，改善农村生产生活用电条件，建设安全可靠、节能环保、技术先进、管理规范的新型农村电网。大力发展农村可再生能源，因地制宜开展绿色能源示范工程，到2015年建成200个绿色能源示范县、1000个太阳能示范村。实施农村水电增效扩容改造，加强水电新农村电气化县和小水电代燃料工程建设。推广应用太阳能热水器。

-- Boosting energy development in rural areas. Energy development in rural areas is of great significance for the betterment of farmers' living standards and modern agricultural progress. Adhering to the principle of comprehensive and effective utilization of diverse energy sources according to local conditions, China increases financial input in energy infrastructure in rural areas and ameliorates rural energy management and services. It upgrades rural power grids to improve electric power conditions for rural life and production, and hence establish new-type rural power grids, which, backed by advanced technology and management, are safe, reliable, efficient and eco-friendly. The Chinese government will put great efforts into developing renewable energy sources in rural areas, and launch various green energy demonstration projects in accordance with local conditions. By 2015, a total of 200 green-energy counties and 1,000 villages using solar energy will be set up as examples. China rebuilds old hydropower stations in rural areas to increase their capacity and efficiency. It accelerates the electrification of hydropower-based rural areas, and builds more small-sized hydropower stations, so as to get rid of the use of wood as fuel in some rural areas. In addition, the Chinese government promotes the use of solar water heaters around the country.

——加强边疆地区能源建设。改革开放以来，边疆地区经济社会发展取得历史性进步，用能状况得到较大改善，但与中东部地区相比还有较大差距。国家对边疆地区将加大资金支持力度，加强这些地区能源基础设施和民生能源工程建设，积极支持西藏、新疆跨越式发展。加快推进西藏、新疆和青海、四川、云南、甘肃四省藏区电网建设，扩大电网覆盖面，提高供电可靠性。制定和实施西藏能源发展规划，加大电力援藏资金支持，“十二五”期间直接援助资金将超过9亿元人民币。加快“气化南疆”、“气化北疆”等民生能源工程，继续加强新疆与西北电网联网工程建设，推进“疆电外送”能源大通道建设，尽快将新疆资源优势转化为经济优势。在偏远农牧区建设一批太阳能发电、风光互补电站等新能源设施，提高农牧民生活质量。

-- Enhancing energy development in border regions. Since 1978, when China launched its reform and opening-up drive, great progress has been witnessed in both the society and economy of the country's border regions. However, the energy conditions in these areas, despite great improvement that has been made, still lag far behind the eastern and central regions. The Chinese government will appropriate financial funds to improve energy infrastructure and build energy projects that have a direct bearing on the people's livelihood in the border regions, especially in Tibet and Xinjiang, to support leapfrogging development there. It will accelerate the electrical grid construction in Tibet and Xinjiang as well as the Tibetan-inhabited areas in Qinghai, Sichuan, Yunnan and Gansu provinces, enlarge the coverage of the distribution grid, and strengthen the reliability of power supply. The government will draw up and implement the "Tibet Energy Development Program," and provide extra funding to Tibet for its electric power development - the direct investment during the 12th Five-Year Plan period to exceed 900 million yuan. The energy projects to improve the people' s livelihood, such as the "Electrification of Southern Xinjiang" and "Electrification of Northern Xinjiang," will be sped up. The state will press on with the project to connect Xinjiang power grid to the northwest China grid so as to form an energy channel as soon as possible to get Xinjiang' s redundant electric power transmitted to other parts of China to generate more funds for the development of Xinjiang. The government will build a group of solar power and solar-wind hybrid power plants in the farming and herding areas far from towns to improve the quality of life of the farmers and herdsmen there.

——改善城镇居民生活用能条件。加强城镇电网改造和升级，提高供电质量和可靠性。做好电力供应保障，优先确保居民生活用电。加快发展天然气，建设和完善城市供气管网，让更多的居民用上天然气。在北方采暖城市，因地制宜发展热电联产机组，进一步改善居民供暖条件。

-- Improving energy conditions in urban areas. The Chinese government will upgrade the urban grids to raise the quality and reliability of power supply in urban areas. It guarantees urban power supply, especially household electricity consumption. The state accelerates natural gas development. Natural gas supply networks will be built or improved in cities so that more urban residents will gain access to natural gas. In northern cities, where the district heating system is applied, the government will develop co-generation units based on local conditions to improve the heating quality.

七、加快推进能源科技进步

VII. Accelerating Progress of Energy Technology

改革开放以来，中国能源科技水平有了显著提高，能源科技进步在促进节能减排、优化能源结构、保证能源安全方面发挥了重要作用。但与发达国家相比，中国能源科技水平仍存在较大差距，自主创新的基础比较薄弱，核心和关键技术落后于世界先进水平，一些关键技术和装备依赖于国外引进。中国将更加重视科技创新，加快建设和完善适合中国特点的、产学研一体化的能源科技创新体系。2011年，中国发布《国家能源科技“十二五”规划》。这一首部能源科技专项规划，确定了勘探与开采、加工与转化、发电与输配电、新能源等四大重点技术领域，全面部署建设“重大技术研究、重大技术装备、重大示范工程及技术创新平台”四位一体的国家能源科技创新体系。

China's energy technology has developed rapidly since the country launched the reform and opening-up program in late 1978, and has played an increasingly significant role in energy conservation, emission reduction, energy structure optimization and energy security. However, China still lags behind the developed countries in this field, particularly marked by its flimsy basis for independent innovation, backwardness in core technology, and dependence on imports for some key technologies and equipment. Therefore, the Chinese government will attach more importance to technological innovation. It will establish and complete at full speed an energy technology innovation system that suits China's reality, and combines efforts of enterprises, colleges and research institutes. The National Energy Technology Program During the 12th Five-Year Plan Period, issued in 2011 as China's first scheme to improve its energy technology, has outlined the four key aspects of China's energy technology, namely, exploration and exploitation; processing and conversion; power generation, transmission and distribution; and new energy. The program also contains an overall plan to build a national energy technology innovation system that integrates research into key technology, manufacturing of key equipment, key demonstration projects and a technological innovation platform.

——加强能源科学技术研发。在地质、材料、环境、能源动力和信息与控制等基础科学领域，超前部署一批对能源发展具有战略先导性作用的前沿技术攻关项目，争取在能源基础科学研究领域取得突破。依托行业骨干企业和科研院所，以应用为导向，鼓励开展煤矿高效集约开采、非常规油气资源勘探开发、高效清洁发电、海上风电、太阳能热发电、先进油气储运、大容量高效率远距离输电等先进适用技术研发应用。继续实施“大型油气田及煤层气开发”、“大型先进压水堆及高温气冷堆核电站”两个国家科技重大专项，推进关键技术创新，增强能源领域原始创新、集成创新和引进消化吸收再创新能力。

-- Reinforcing energy technology R&D. China will launch a series of strategic and advanced research projects on frontier technologies in basic sciences like geology, materials, environmental studies, power and energy, and information and control, with the aim of making breakthroughs in basic energy sciences. The Chinese government encourages major enterprises and research institutes in the industry to carry out studies in advanced and adaptive technologies, and put them into practical use, like high-efficiency and intensive coal mining technology, exploration and development technology of unconventional oil and gas resources, high-efficiency clean technology, offshore wind power technology, solar thermal power technology, advanced oil and gas storage and transportation technology, and high-capacity, high-efficiency and long-distance power transmission technology. China will press on with the two national high-tech programs -- "large oil-gas fields and coal-bed gas development," and "large and advanced pressurized-water reactor and high temperature gas-cooled reactor nuclear power stations" -- to facilitate key technological innovations, and enhance the innovation abilities, including "original innovation," "integrated innovation" and "secondary innovation" in the energy sector.

——推进能源装备技术进步。依托重大技术装备工程，加强技术攻关，完善综合配套，建立健全能源装备标准、检测和认证体系，提高重大能源装备设计、制造和系统集成能力。进一步完善政策支持体系，重点推进大功率高参数超超临界机组、燃气轮机、三代核电、可再生能源发电机组、非常规油气资源勘探开发等关键设备技术进步，积极推广应用先进技术装备。加强对能源装备产业的规划引导，防止低水平重复建设。

-- Promoting progress of energy equipment technology. Based on major technological equipment projects, China strives to make technological breakthroughs, improve supporting facilities, set up and enforce technical standards for energy equipment, establish a complete testing and certification system, and raise its ability for energy equipment design, manufacturing and system integration. China will further enhance the supporting policy system, boost the technological advance of key equipment, such as high-capacity, high-parameter and ultra-supercritical generating units, gas turbines, third-generation nuclear power, renewable energy generating units, exploration and development of unconventional oil and gas resources, and spreading the application of state-of-the-art equipment. The government will also strengthen planning and guidance for the energy equipment manufacturing industry to prevent redundant construction.

——实施重大科技示范工程。围绕能源发展方式转变和产业转型升级，在大型先进压水堆、高温气冷堆、煤层气开发利用、页岩气勘探开发、煤炭深加工、储能、智能电网等领域，加大资金、技术、政策支持力度，建设重大示范工程，推动科技成果向现实生产力转化。

-- Launching major technological demonstration projects. Centering on the transformation of energy development mode and upgrading of the energy industry, the Chinese government will give more support in funding, technology and policy to launch major demonstration projects in such fields as large pressurized-water reactors, high-temperature gas-cooled reactors, development and utilization of coal-bed gas, exploration and development of shale gas, and deep processing of coal, energy storage and smart power grids, thus promoting the application of technological and scientific research achievements in production.

——完善能源技术创新体系。依托大型企业、科研机构和高校，在煤炭资源勘探、煤层气开发利用、页岩气勘探开发、海洋工程装备、大型清洁高效发电设备、智能电网技术、先进核反应堆技术等领域，继续建设一批国家能源技术创新平台，加强自主研发和核心技术攻关。完善国家对技术创新平台的支持政策体系。充分发挥企业的创新主体作用，做好创新成果的推广应用。引导科研机构、高等院校的科研力量为企业技术创新服务，更好地实现产学研有机结合。完善科技评价和奖励制度，建立和完善能源创新人才的培养体系和激励机制。

-- Improving the innovation system of energy technology. The Chinese government will continue to support large enterprises, R&D institutes, colleges and universities to set up national innovation platforms that can conduct independent R&D and make breakthroughs in core technologies, especially technologies for coal exploration, development and utilization of coal-bed gas, exploration and development of shale gas, marine engineering equipment, high-capacity high-efficiency and low-pollution power generating equipment, smart grids and advanced nuclear reactors. It will improve the policy system supporting technological innovation platforms. The government will give full play to the role of enterprises in innovation, and encourage them to spread and apply innovative technologies. It will guide R&D institutes and institutions of higher learning to serve enterprises in the field of innovation, and better integrate the efforts of enterprises with that of the research institutes and institutions of higher learning. The state will set up an evaluation and reward mechanism for technological development, and establish and improve a training system and an incentive mechanism for innovations.

八、深化能源体制改革

VIII. Deepening Institutional Reform in the Energy Sector

改革是加快转变发展方式的强大动力。中国将坚定地推进能源领域改革，加强顶层设计和总体规划，加快构建有利于能源科学发展的体制机制，改善能源发展环境，推进能源生产和利用方式变革，保障国家能源安全。

Reform constitutes a strong dynamic force in accelerating the transformation of the development mode. China will resolutely implement reform in the energy sector, strengthen top design and overall planning, accelerate the pace of building a system and mechanism for the scientific development of the energy industry, ameliorate the environment for energy development, bring about a revolution in energy production and utilization, and safeguard China's energy security.

——加快能源法制建设。完善能源法律制度，为规范能源市场、保护生态环境、维护能源安全提供法律保障。中国高度重视并继续积极推进能源法律制度建设，目前正在研究论证制定能源法以及石油储备、海洋石油天然气管道保护、核电管理等方面的行政法规，修改完善《煤炭法》、《电力法》等现行法律法规，推进石油天然气、原子能等领域的立法工作。

-- Accelerating building of legal regime for the energy sector. China will improve its energy-related legal regime to regulate the energy market, protect the ecological environment and guarantee energy security. China attaches great importance to energy legislation and will press on with the improvement of the legal system related to the energy sector. Now, work has been going on an energy law, as well as a series of administrative regulations on oil reserves, protection of submarine oil and natural gas pipelines, and nuclear power station management. It has amended the Coal Industry Law, the Electric Power Law and other laws, and has been making efforts to promote the enactment of laws concerning oil, natural gas and nuclear energy.

——完善市场体制机制。中国积极推进能源市场化改革，充分发挥市场配置资源的基础性作用。凡是列入国家能源规划的项目，除法律法规明确禁止的以外，均向民间资本开放。鼓励民间资本参与能源资源勘探开发、石油和天然气管网建设、电力建设，鼓励民间资本发展煤炭加工转化和炼油产业，继续支持民间资本全面进入新能源和可再生能源产业。加强和规范煤炭勘探开发权管理，逐步取消重点合同煤和市场煤价格双轨制，完善煤炭与煤层气协调发展机制。深化电力体制改革，稳步开展输配分开试点。积极推进电价改革，逐步形成发电和售电价格由市场决定、输配电价由政府制定的价格机制。理顺煤电价格关系。探索建立可再生能源配额交易等制度。成功实施成品油价税费联动改革，运用税收手段合理引导能源消费。不断完善理顺成品油价格形成机制，开展天然气价格形成机制改革试点。完善能源市场体系，发展现货、长期合约、期货等交易形式。

-- Improving the market mechanism. China is actively promoting market-oriented reform in the energy sector by giving full play to the fundamental role of the market in the allocation of resources. All projects listed in the national energy program, unless forbidden by laws or regulations, are open to private capital. The Chinese government encourages private capital to participate in the exploration and development of energy resources, oil and natural gas pipeline network construction and the electric power industry, encourages the involvement of private capital in coal processing and oil refining, and supports the entry of private capital into the new energy and renewable energy fields. The Chinese government will intensify and regulate the administration of coal exploration and development rights, gradually eliminate the double-track price system for contracted coal supply and market coal supply, and create a mechanism to balance the development of coal and coal-bed gas. The government will press on with institutional reform in the power sector and steadily carry out trials to separate power transmission from power distribution. Proactive efforts will be made in the pricing mechanism of electricity to gradually let the market decide the prices of electricity generated and marketed, while the prices of transmission and distribution are to be decided by the government. The state will regulate the prices of coal for electricity generation and prices of electricity marketed, and explore ways to set up a renewable energy trading mechanism. It has successfully implemented the price, tax and fee reform of refined oil products and guides the public's rational energy consumption through tax means. It will continuously rationalize the refined oil price and form a pricing mechanism, and start the experimental reform of natural gas pricing mechanism. It will improve the market system for energy and develop more forms of trade, including spot trade, long-term contracts and futures trade.

——加强能源行业管理。提高能源资源开发利用效率，促进能源行业科学发展，维护国家能源安全，必须加强能源行业管理。重视能源发展的战略谋划和宏观调控，综合运用规划、政策、标准等手段实施行业管理。减少政府对微观事务的干预，简化行政审批事项。加强对垄断行为和不正当竞争行为的监管，建立公开、公平、科学、有效的监管体系。加强能源统计预测管理，健全能源统计、监测和预测预警体系。

-- Tightening administration of the energy sector. In order to increase the efficiency of energy development and utilization, promote the scientific development of the energy sector and safeguard the country's energy security, China is determined to strengthen administration in the energy sector. It takes strategic planning and macro-control for energy development, and carries out industry regulation by making use of plans, policies and standards. The Chinese government will reduce its intervention in specific matters and simplify administrative examination and approval, while intensify supervision over monopoly and unfair competition by establishing an open, fair, scientific and effective supervision mechanism. It will strengthen statistics collection and forecasts related to the energy sector, and establish a comprehensive system covering statistics, monitoring, forecasting and early warning in this regard.

九、加强能源国际合作

IX. Strengthening International Cooperation in Energy

中国的发展离不开世界，世界的繁荣需要中国。随着全球化的不断深入，中国在能源发展方面与世界联系日益紧密。中国的能源发展，不仅保障了本国经济社会发展，也为维护世界能源安全和保持全球市场稳定作出了贡献。

China's development cannot be achieved without cooperation with the rest of the world, and the prosperity of the world has need of China as well. With accelerating economic globalization, China has forged increasingly closer ties with the rest of the world in the field of energy. China's development of energy has not only satisfied its own needs for economic and social progress, but also made great contributions to world energy security and global market stability.

中国是国际能源合作中负责任的积极参与者。在双边合作方面，中国与美国、欧盟、日本、俄罗斯、哈萨克斯坦、土库曼斯坦、乌兹别克斯坦、巴西、阿根廷、委内瑞拉等国家和地区建立了能源对话与合作机制，在油气、煤炭、电力、可再生能源、科技装备和能源政策等领域加强对话、交流与合作。在多边合作方面，中国是亚太经济合作组织能源工作组、二十国集团、上海合作组织、世界能源理事会、国际能源论坛等组织和机制的正式成员或重要参与方，是能源宪章的观察员国，与国际能源署、石油输出国组织等机构保持着密切联系。在国际能源合作中，中国既承担着广泛的国际义务，也发挥着积极的建设性作用。

China is an active and responsible participant in international energy cooperation, and it has established bilateral dialogue and cooperative mechanisms in the field of energy with the US, the EU, Japan, Russia, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Brazil, Argentina, Venezuela and many other countries and regions, and has strengthened dialogues, exchanges and cooperation with these countries regarding oil, natural gas, coal, electric power, renewable energy, technology, equipment and energy policy. China is also a member of or important participant in many multilateral organizations and mechanisms, including the energy working group of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Organization, Group of 20, Shanghai Cooperation Organization, World Energy Council and International Energy Forum. It is an observer of the Energy Charter, and maintains close relations with such international organizations as the World Energy Agency and the Organization of Petroleum-Exporting Countries. In international energy cooperation, China assumes a wide range of obligations and plays an active and constructive role.

中国在能源领域坚持对外开放，不断优化外商投资环境，保障投资者合法权益。中国先后出台了《中外合资经营企业法》、《中外合作经营企业法》、《外资企业法》等法律法规，以及《外商投资产业指导目录》、《中西部地区外商投资优势产业目录》等政策文件。中国鼓励外商以合作的方式，进行石油天然气勘探开发，开展页岩气、煤层气等非常规油气资源勘探开发。鼓励投资建设新能源电站、以发电为主的水电站和采用洁净燃烧技术的电站，以及中方控股的核电站。鼓励跨国能源公司在华设立研发中心。

China upholds a policy of opening to the rest of the world in the field of energy. To provide a favorable environment for foreign investment and protect the legitimate rights and interests of investors, it has promulgated a series of laws and regulations in succession, like the Law on Sino-foreign Equity Joint Ventures, Law on Sino-foreign Cooperative Joint Ventures and Law on Foreign Investment Enterprises, and framed such policy documents as the Catalogue of Industries for Guiding Foreign Investment and the Catalogue of Advantageous Industries for Foreign Investment in the Central and Western Regions. The Chinese government encourages foreign investment to engage in the exploration and development of oil, natural gas and unconventional oil and gas resources, such as shale gas and coal-bed gas, by way of cooperation; invites foreign investment in the building of new-energy power stations, hydroelectric power stations, clean-combustion power stations, and nuclear power stations as long as the Chinese partners have control; and supports multinational energy corporations to set up R&D centers in China.

中国能源企业遵循平等互惠、互利双赢的原则，积极参与国际能源合作，参与境外能源基础设施建设，发展能源工程技术服务合作。中国企业对外投资合作开发的能源资源，90%以上都在当地销售，增加了全球能源市场供应，促进了供应渠道的多元化。中国能源企业在对外投资合作时，遵守当地法律法规，尊重当地宗教信仰和风俗习惯，在实现自我发展的同时，积极为当地经济社会发展作出贡献。

Following the principle of equality, mutual benefits and reciprocity, Chinese energy enterprises are actively involved in international energy cooperation, participating in overseas energy infrastructure projects and expanding cooperation in energy engineering and services. Ninety percent of Chinese enterprise-invested energy resources abroad are sold locally, thus increasing and diversifying supplies in the global energy market. When investing in foreign countries, Chinese energy enterprises abide by local laws and regulations, and respect the religious beliefs and customs of the local people. They actively make contributions to local economic and social development while achieving self-growth.

在今后相当长一段时间内，国际能源贸易仍将是中国利用国外能源的主要方式。中国将按照世界贸易组织规则，完善公平贸易政策，开展能源进出口贸易，优化贸易结构。综合运用期货贸易、长协贸易、转口贸易、易货贸易等方式，推进贸易方式多元化。积极参与全球能源治理，加强与世界各国的沟通与合作，共同应对国际货币体系、过度投机、垄断经营等因素对能源市场的影响，维护国际能源市场及价格的稳定。

For a fairly long time to come, international energy trade will remain the major way by which China utilizes foreign energy sources. China will improve policies for fair trade and optimize the trade structure, and conduct energy imports and exports in accordance with the WTO rules. It will diversify the modes of trade and comprehensively use such methods as futures trade, long-term agreements, entrepot and barter trade. China will actively participate in global energy management. It will intensify exchanges and cooperation with other countries, addressing together the impact of the international monetary system, excessive speculation and energy market monopoly, thereby maintaining the stability of international energy market and energy price.

能源问题关系国计民生，关系人类福祉。为了减少能源资源问题带来的纷争和不平等，实现世界经济平稳有序发展，推动经济全球化向着均衡、普惠、共赢的方向发展，需要国际社会树立互利合作、多元发展、协同保障的新能源安全观。为了共同维护全球能源安全，中国主张，国际社会应着重在以下三个方面作出努力：

Energy is of vital importance to economic development and people's well-being. In order to reduce conflicts and inequality brought about over access to energy resources, achieve a stable growth of the world economy and make the economic globalization lead to a balanced, universally beneficial and win-win development, the international community should foster a new energy security concept featuring mutually beneficial cooperation, diversified development and common energy security through coordination. To jointly ensure global energy security, the Chinese government calls for international efforts in the following three aspects:

——加强对话与交流。加强能源出口国、消费国和中转国之间的对话和交流，是开展能源国际合作的基础。国际社会应进一步密切双多边关系，加强在提高能效、节能环保、能源管理、能源政策等方面的对话交流，完善国际能源市场监测和应急机制，深化在信息交流、人员培训、协调行动等方面的合作。

-- Strengthening dialogues and exchanges. Strengthening dialogue and communication among energy exporting, consuming and transiting countries is the foundation of international energy cooperation. The international community should further cement its bilateral and multilateral ties; increase dialogues and exchanges in the fields of efficient use of energy, energy conservation, environmental protection, energy management and energy policy; promote monitoring and emergency response mechanisms for the global energy market; and deepen the cooperation in the fields of information exchanges, personnel training and coordination.

——开展能源务实合作。各国应秉持互利共赢、共同发展的原则，开展国际能源资源勘探开发互利合作，丰富和完善合作机制与手段，增加全球能源供应，促进供应渠道的多元化。共同稳定大宗能源产品价格，保障各国用能需求，维护能源市场正常秩序。发达国家应从人类可持续发展的高度，在保护知识产权的前提下，积极向发展中国家和不发达国家提供、转移清洁高效能源技术，共同推动全球绿色发展。国际社会应携手努力，帮助最不发达国家消除能源贫困，扩大能源服务，促进可持续发展。

-- Carrying out effective energy cooperation. Upholding the principles of reciprocity, mutual benefit and common development, the various countries should ensure mutually beneficial cooperation in international energy resources exploration, enrich and improve cooperative mechanisms and methods, increase the international energy supply, and diversify supply channels. They should work together to stabilize the prices of bulk energy commodities, secure the energy needs of various countries, and maintain the normal order of the energy market. For the sake of sustainable development, the developed countries should actively provide and transfer clean and highly efficient energy technology to developing and underdeveloped countries and together promote green development globally on the condition that intellectual property rights are protected. The international community should strive hand in hand to help the least-developed countries to eliminate energy poverty, increase energy services and promote sustainable development.

——共同维护世界能源安全。公平合理的国际能源治理机制是维护世界能源市场稳定的重要条件。各国应加强合作，共同维护能源生产国和输送国，特别是中东等产油国地区的局势稳定，确保国际能源通道安全和畅通，减少地缘政治纷争对全球能源供应的干扰。通过对话与协商的方式，解决重大国际能源问题，不应把能源问题政治化，避免动辄诉诸武力，甚至引发对抗。

-- Working together to maintain energy security. A fair and rational international energy management mechanism is a prerequisite for a stable global energy market. The international community should work collaboratively to maintain stability in oil producing and exporting countries, especially those in the Middle East, to ensure the security of international energy transport routes and avoid geopolitical conflicts that affect the world's energy supply. The various countries involved should settle major international energy disputes through dialogue and consultation. Energy issues should not be politicized, and the use of force and armed confrontation should be avoided.

结束语

Conclusion

能源是中国全面建设小康社会、实现现代化和富民强国的重要物质基础。中国将努力解决好能源问题，坚定不移地走能源可持续发展道路。

Energy is the vital material base for China to modernize and build a moderately prosperous society. The Chinese government will strive to address the energy problem properly by following the sustainable road of energy development.

今后一段时期，中国仍将处于工业化、城镇化加快发展的阶段，发展经济、改善民生的任务十分艰巨，能源需求还会增加。作为一个拥有13亿多人口的发展中大国，中国必须立足国内增加能源供给，稳步提高供给能力，满足经济平稳较快发展和人民生活改善对能源的需求。

China will still be in a stage featuring accelerated industrialization and urbanization for a long time to come, facing the challenging tasks of developing its economy and improving its people's livelihood. Its energy needs will go on to increase in the future. As a large developing country with a population of over 1.3 billion, China must rely on itself to increase the energy supply steadily to satisfy such demands.

能源安全是全球性问题，绝大多数国家都不可能离开国际合作而获得能源安全保障。中国能源发展取得的成就，与世界各国友好合作密不可分。中国未来的能源发展更需要国际社会的理解和支持。有十几亿人口的中国走能源可持续发展道路，这是人类能源发展史上新的探索和实践。中国过去不曾、现在没有、将来也不会对世界能源安全构成威胁。中国将在平等互惠、互利共赢的原则下，进一步加强与各能源生产国、消费国和国际能源组织的合作，共同推动世界能源的可持续发展，维护国际能源市场及价格的稳定，确保国际能源通道的安全和畅通，为保障全球能源安全和应对气候变化作出应有贡献。

Energy security is a global issue. Few countries can secure their energy supply without international cooperation. The achievements China has made in energy development are inseparable from its friendly cooperation with other countries. Its future development in the energy sector will need more understanding and support from the international community. China, with a population of more than one billion, is exploring and practicing a new way in the history of energy development to ensure its sustainable energy development. China did not, does not and will not pose any threat to the world's energy security. Abiding by the principle of equality, reciprocity and mutual benefit, it will further strengthen its cooperation with other energy producing and consuming countries as well as international energy organizations, and work together with them to promote a sustainable energy development around the world. It will strive to maintain stability of the international energy market and energy prices, secure the international energy transportation routes, and make due contributions to safeguarding international energy security and addressing global climate change.