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Kiribati Country Energy Security Indicator Profile 2009
Prepared by the Energy Programme, Economic Development Division Secretariat of the Pacific Community
Suva, Fiji
2012
© Copyright Secretariat of the Pacific Community (SPC), 2012
All rights for commercial / for profit reproduction or translation, in any form, reserved. SPC authorises the partial reproduction or translation of this material for scientific, educational or research purposes, provided that SPC and the source document are properly acknowledged. Permission to reproduce the document and/or translate in whole, in any form, whether for commercial / for profit or non-profit purposes, must be requested in writing. Original SPC artwork may not be altered or separately published without permission.
Original text: English
Secretariat of the Pacific Community Cataloguing-in-publication data
Kiribati Country Energy Security Indicator Profile 2009 / Prepared by the Energy Programme, Economic Development Division, Secretariat of the Pacific Community
1. Energy policy – Kiribati.
2. Power resources – Kiribati.
3. Energy security – Kiribati.
I. Title II. Secretariat of the Pacific Community
333.79099681 AACR2
ISBN: 978-982-00-0563-1
Acknowledgement ................................................................................................................................................................................................................v
Foreword ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. vi Abbreviations...................................................................................................................................................................................................................... vii
Country profile ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................1
Energy context......................................................................................................................................................................................................................3
FAESP key energy security outcome 1 — access to energy ...............................................................................................................................................4
FAESP key energy security outcome 2 — affordability ........................................................................................................................................................6
FAESP key energy security outcome 3 — efficiency and productivity .................................................................................................................................8
FAESP key energy security outcome 4 — environmental quality.........................................................................................................................................9
FAESP action theme 1 — Leadership, governance, coordination and partnership............................................................................................................. 10
FAESP action theme 2 — Capacity development, planning, policy and regulatory frameworks..........................................................................................11
FAESP action theme 3 — Energy production and supply ................................................................................................................................................... 12
3.1 Petroleum and alternative fuels.......................................................................................................................................................................... 12
3.2 Renewable energy ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 13
FAESP action theme 4 — Energy conversion ..................................................................................................................................................................... 14
4.1 Electric power..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 14
FAESP action theme 5 — End-use energy consumption .................................................................................................................................................... 15
5.1 Transport energy use ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 15
5.2 Energy efficiency and conservation.................................................................................................................................................................... 15
FAESP action theme 6 — Energy data and information...................................................................................................................................................... 16
FAESP action theme 7 — Financing, monitoring and evaluation ........................................................................................................................................ 17
Acknowledgement
The Framework for Action on Energy Security in the Pacific (FAESP) country energy security indicator report 2009 was prepared by the Energy Programme of the Economic Development Division of the Secretariat of the Pacific Community (SPC).
Many special thanks go to the participants of the National Energy Policy and Planning Workshop, which convened in Kiribati in December 2011, for their presentations and assistance in data collection and follow-ups; the Energy Planning Unit; the Environment and Conservation Department; the Public Utilities Board; the Kiribati Solar Energy Company; the Kiribati Oil Company; the Kiribati Copra Mill Company; and the Statistics Office. The support of the Permanent Secretary of the Ministry of Public Works and Utilities in recalling the participation of relevant stakeholders is also acknowledged.
SPC would also like to thank the European Union Energy Initiative–Partnership Dialogue Facility (EUEI PDF) for providing the funds to carry out in-country technical activities and collect the data required for the energy security indicators.
The cooperation of the many contributors to this booklet is gratefully acknowledged. The source note below each table credits the various government and private sector agencies that have collaborated in furnishing the information for the booklet.
In August 2010 at the 41st Pacific Islands Forum at Port Vila, Vanuatu, the Forum Leaders endorsed the Framework for Action on Energy Security in the Pacific (FAESP): 2010–2020 as the regional blueprint for the provision of technical assistance to the energy sectors of Pacific Island countries and territories (PICTs). FAESP encompasses the Leaders’ vision for an energy secure Pacific, where Pacific people at all times have access to sufficient sustainable sources of clean and affordable energy and services to enhance their social and economic well-being.
The Implementation Plan for Energy Security in the Pacific (IPESP) (2011–2015) is a five-year plan for pursuing the vision, goal and outcomes of FAESP. It reflects the priority regional activities that are to be collectively delivered by the participating members of the Council of Regional Organisations in the Pacific (CROP) to support, complement and add value to national efforts on energy security.
In order to better appreciate the impacts of FAESP and its implementation plan on the energy security status of PICTs, baseline energy security indicators must be established, against which performance in future years can be benchmarked.
The energy security indicators in this report derive from a consultative process involving representatives of PICTs, regional organisations, the private sector and development partners. The process culminated in the adoption of IPESP and its monitoring and evaluation framework, the energy security indicators, at the Inaugural Regional Meeting of Ministers of Energy, ICT and Transport in April 2011.
As a first attempt to improve transparency and accountability in the energy sector, there is obvious room for improvement. Access to reliable and sufficient data is a common problem and this monitoring and evaluation tool can only get better with the kind assistance of the custodians of the energy sector data.
Solomone Fifita Deputy Director (Energy) Economic Development Division, SPC
Kiribati National Energy Policy Vision 2009
‘Available, accessible, reliable, affordable, clean and sustainable energy options for the enhancement of economic growth and improvement of livelihoods in Kiribati.’
Energy consumption in Kiribati is concentrated in the Gilbert Group of islands, mainly in the capital island of Tarawa. In 2009, petroleum fuel imports totalled USD 11 million of which 12 million litres of diesel, 5.3 million litres of petrol, 3.7 million litres of kerosene and around 201 tonnes of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) were imported. This met over 90% of the country’s energy needs in 2009 (excluding traditional biomass consumption). The Kiribati Oil Company (KOIL) is the main company in Kiribati responsible for the importation of liquid petroleum fuels. These are brought into the country by small costal tankers from Fiji by Mobil. LPG is mostly brought in Iso tanks, holding around 18 tonnes of LPG. Apart from KOIL, Kirigas also imports LPG into Kiribati. Diesel fuel for the electricity and transport sectors accounts for the biggest portion of fuel consumed in Kiribati — 57% and 28% respectively.
In the power sector, around 44% of households in Kiribati are connected to the public grid network provided by the Public Utilities Board (PUB). The capital island of Tarawa has 87% access to grid connected electricity and the rest of Kiribati is estimated at 4.8% access. In 2009, PUB generated 22 GWh of electricity, of which 21 GWh was sold, recording an estimated 20% in distribution loss.
In Kiribati, 56% of the electricity billed was accounted under the commercial and industrial customer consumption.
With respect to renewable energy consumption, Kiribati Solar Energy Company (KSEC) is responsible for the rural solar electrification programme and has distributed some 2300 units of solar home systems (SHS). By estimation, energy consumption from solar energy accounted for 1.7 TJ, contributing to 0.11% of total energy consumed in 2009 and providing small scale electrification to 31% of households in Kiribati.
The 2009 baseline energy security indicators presented in this report are compiled and structured according to the four key energy security outcomes and the seven action themes of FAESP. Graphical comparison included in the analysis provides a snapshot of Kiribati’s situation compared to other Forum smaller island states and Forum Island countries.
FAESP key energy security outcome 1 — access to energy
1 Electrification rate (%) 44 The indicator tracks the share of households connected to a utility grid. Based on the 2010 Census Report, there is around 44% grid connection in the whole of Kiribati. Connection mainly covers Tarawa, which accounts for 87.2% access. Connection in the rural areas and outer islands account for 4.8% access.
FAESP key energy security outcome 2 — affordability
5 Macro-economic 9 The indicator tracks fuel imports as a percentage of GDP. The higher the figure, the more vulnerable an
affordability (%) economy is towards world market price volatility. The macro-economic affordability was calculated from reference data provided by the Kiribati Statistics Office. Total value fuel imports over total GDP for 2009 (USD11044809 / USD126441089).
6 Electricity tariff (USD/kWh)
0.44 The indicator tracks average tariffs for the year (all tariff categories, i.e. residential, commercial, and industrial). Requires averaging throughout the year as tariffs in most PICTs are adjusted several times a year. Refer to the calculated table on the right for reference calculation of the average tariff. There has been no change in the electricity tariff since February 2008.
Referenced electricity tariff calculation based on Public Utilities Board data
7 Electricity n/a Relation between average tariff and lifeline tariff (if a
lifeline (%) lifeline tariff exists). Kiribati is one of the countries in the region that has only fixed tariff rates. Refer to the calculated table on the right for reference calculation of the average tariff.
8 Household 15.0 The indicator tracks the average household expenditure for energy per year as a percentage of the energy average household income.expenditure Energy expenditure calculated is referenced from 2006 HIES. Referenced expenditure cost for load (%) household operations and transport was accounted under household energy expenditure.
Kiribati Country Energy Security Indicator Profile 2009
FAESP key energy security outcome 3 — efficiency and productivity
9 Energy intensity 6.2 The indicator tracks the amount of energy utilised to produce 1 USD of GDP. (MJ/USD) Data sourced from Public Utilities Board.
10 Productive power 56 The indicator tracks the share of commercial and industrial use of electricity in total supply. use (%) Data sourced from Public Utilities Board.
Provided below are energy intensity graphs presenting electricity and fuel consumption against GDP when seen on a per capita comparison. Countries above the trend line are perceived to have higher than average energy consumption levels per person compared to its corresponding economic wealth (GDP per capita), i.e. countries above the trend line are considered to be relatively energy inefficient compared to countries below the trend line.
FAESP key energy security outcome 4 — environmental quality
11 Carbon footprint 55,180 The indicator tracks total GHG emissions using embedded carbon as a measure (not UNFCCC method). (tonnes of CO2) Calculated only from petroleum imported into the country which specifically refers to diesel (IDO and ADO), motor gasoline (mogas or petrol), kerosene (DPK) and cooking gas (LPG).
12 Diesel fuel 5,000 The indicator assesses the standard for sulphur content of diesel fuel in parts per million (ppm) sulphur. quality (ppm S) KOIL imports fuel from Fiji through Mobil.
FAESP action theme 1 — Leadership, governance, coordination and partnership
FAESP action theme 2 — Capacity development, planning, policy and regulatory frameworks
19 Private sector 0 The indicator tracks the share of electricity produced by IPPs under power purchase agreements. contribution (%) In 2009, there were no established IPPs in Kiribati.
FAESP action theme 3 — Energy production and supply
3.1 Petroleum and alternative fuels
3.2 Renewable energy
FAESP action theme 4 — Energy conversion
4.1 Electric power
27 Distribution losses (%) 19.8 The indicator compares the amount of kWh sold with the amount of kWh sent out from the power station.
18% is usually the average distribution loss in Tarawa. Figures mentioned are the distribution losses in 2009.
28 Lost supply (SAIDI) — n.a The indicator tracks electricity outage time (hours of lost supply per customer per year). (minutes)
29 Clean electricity 0 The indicator measures the share of renewable energies as a percentage of total electricity supply. contribution (%) There is no clean energy (such as solar or wind) integrated into the PUB power grid.
FAESP action theme 5 — End-use energy consumption
5.1 Transport energy use | 5.2 Energy efficiency and conservation
30 Retail fuel prices The indicator tracks retail and wholesale fuel prices for petroleum products (diesel, petrol, MPK, LPG).
31 Legislative framework (score) 0 The indicator assesses progress towards a comprehensive legislative framework for import of end use devices. (Score system: Comprehensive framework covering transport, appliances, buildings = 3; Legislative for one subsector operational = 2; Preparation of framework under way = 1) No legislative framework in place to regulate energy efficiency activities on importation issues. Demand side management mentioned in KNEP — ‘Introduce appropriate incentive packages including taxes, duties and tariffs to encourage efficient energy use’.
32 Appliance labelling (score) 0 The indicator assesses state of appliance labelling. (Score system: Compulsory appliance labelling operational = 2; Appliance labelling under preparation = 1)
No compulsory appliance labelling programme endorsed in the country in 2009.
FAESP action theme 6 — Energy data and information
FAESP action theme 7 — Financing, monitoring and evaluation
Kiribati energy contacts
Ministry of Public Works and Utilities Mr Eita Metai Betio, Tarawa Director of Works Tel: (686) 25046 Email:
[email protected] Fax: (686) 26172
Mr Tiaon Aukitino
Public Utilities Board Mr. Taboia Metutera Betio, Tarawa Chief Executive Officer Tel: (686) 26292 Fax: (686) 26106 Email:
[email protected] Kiribati Solar Energy Company Mr Tiante T Tarakia Betio, Tarawa Chief Executive Officer Tel: (686) 50523 Email:
[email protected] Ministry of Finance and Economic Ms Aritita Tekaieti Bairiki,Tarawa National Statistics Officer Tel: (686) 21816 Fax: (686) 21307 Statistics Office
Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Immigration Mr David Teaabo Bairiki, Tarawa PIF SIS Desk Officer Tel: (686) 21342 Fax: (686) 21466 Email:
[email protected] Kiribati Oil Company Ltd Mr Kianteata Teabo
P.O. Box 488, Betio, Tarawa Operations Manager Tel: (686) 26052 Fax: (686) 26572 Email:
[email protected]