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Проект документа:

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Год вступления в силу:

2010

Год окончания действия:

2023

Виды актов по количеству участников:

National

Тип документа:

Plan/Strategy

Экономический сектор:

Energy, Power, Industry, Transport, Building, Multi-Sector, Other

Виды энергоресурсов:

All, Power, Renewable, Geothermal, Hydropower, Solar, Wind, Other

Подготовлен:

Ministry of Environment and Urbanization

Источник:

EPALE - Electronic Platform for Adult Learning in Europe

Ссылка на документ:

Republic of Turkey Climate Change Strategy 2010-2023

Сводный обзор:

Turkey has developed the “National Climate Change Strategy” in order to contribute to global efforts to reduce the impacts of climate change, taking into account its own special circumstances and capacity. The Strategy includes a set of objectives to be implemented in the short term (within one year), the mid term (undertaken or completed within 1 to 3 years), and long term (undertaken over a 10 year period). Through this policy, Turkey aims to contribute to the global efforts against climate change within its own capabilities and in line with the basic principle of the UNFCCC “common but differentiated responsibilities” and presents its national mitigation, adaptation, technology, finance and capacity building policies.

Efficiency

Приоритеты ЭЭ:

[D]isseminating energy efficiency, [...].---Improvements shall be ensured in energy consumption at existing public buildings and facilities.---The determined saving potential shall be realized at maximum levels by the year 2020, through energy efficiency practices in the industry sector.

EE targets:

Long Term » By 2020, energy intensity shall be decreased with reference to 2004 levels.

EE action plans:

Short Term: An Energy Identity Certificate practice shall be introduced for new buildings.---Medium Term: » Energy efficiency potential in the building sector shall be evaluated and realized at maximum levels; priority projects on energy efficient construction materials and technologies will be identified in cooperation with industry. ---Medium Term: The infrastructure for the introduction of “Energy Identity Certificate” practices will be developed for existing buildings and heat isolation and other efficiency increasing measures will be encouraged.---Rehabilitation of existing thermal power plants shall be finalized; and more efficient operation of hydroelectric power plants shall be pursued.--Short Term: Research and development studies will be carried out in order to raise the geometrical and physical standards of road networks to ensure lower fuel consumption.---The process of hiring energy managers in all industrial facilities with annual energy consumption of more than 1,000 TEP shall be finalized and efficient operation of this system shall be ensured.---Medium Term: All industrial facilities with annual energy consumption of more than 5,000 TEP will conduct annual energy studies. Heat recovery options in industry, engine speed control systems, and industrial cogeneration systems shall be stimulated and encouraged.

EE industry standards:

Medium Term: Energy management in compliance with standards shall be ensured in the industrial and building sectors by certified energy managers.

EE building standards:

Medium Term: Energy management in compliance with standards shall be ensured in the industrial and building sectors by certified energy managers.

Renewable Energy

RE priorities:

[I]ncreasing the use of clean and renewable energy resources,[...].---Short Term: All domestic resources, primarily hydro and wind, will be used at maximum levels, using cleaner production technologies and best available techniques, in line with energy security and climate change goals and within the framework of internal and external financing opportunities.

RE targets:

The share of renewable energy in total electricity generation shall be increased up to 30% by 2023. In this framework, our technical and economic hydro potential will be fully utilized, wind electricity generation capacity will be raised to 20,000 MW and geothermal electricity generation capacity will be raised to 600 MW.

RE action plans:

Short Term: Solar power collectors for central heating and sanitary hot water will be installed at new hotels, hospitals, dormitories, other non residential buildings used for accommodation purposes, as well as sports centers with a us age area of more than 1,000 m2.

RE capital subsidy, grant, or rebate:

Electricity generation from solar energy will be supported.

Public investment loans or grants:

Short Term: Renewable energy systems will be installed at new buildings, with an initial investment cost consistent with energy economics, with payback periods of 10 years for new buildings with floor space less than 20,000 m2 and 15 years for new buildings with floor space of 20,000 m2 and greater than 20,000 m2.

Environment

Energy environmental priorities:

[...] to contribute to global greenhouse gas emission mitigation policies and measures, within its own capacity, by limiting the rate of growth of national greenhouse gas emissions, without disrupting its development program aligned with sustainable development principles

GHG emissions reduction targets:

Greenhouse gas emissions from electricity generation are envisaged to be 7% less than what they would have been in the Reference Scenario by 2020.

Decarbonization strategy:

All domestic resources, primarily hydro and wind, will be used at maximum levels, using cleaner production technologies and best available techniques, in line with energy security and climate change goals and within the framework of internal and external financing opportunities.---The use of alternative fuels and clean vehicle technologies in public transport vehicles will be expanded in cities.---GREENHOUSE EMISSION CONTROL: Short Term: An Energy Identity Certificate practice shall be introduced for new buildings.---Medium Term: » Energy efficiency potential in the building sector shall be evaluated and realized at maximum levels; priority projects on energy efficient construction materials and technologies will be identified in cooperation with industry. ---Medium Term: The infrastructure for the introduction of “Energy Identity Certificate” practices will be developed for existing buildings and heat isolation and other efficiency increasing measures will be encouraged.---Rehabilitation of existing thermal power plants shall be finalized; and more efficient operation of hydroelectric power plants shall be pursued.---Short Term: Research and development studies will be carried out in order to raise the geometrical and physical standards of road networks to ensure lower fuel consumption.---Long Term: The use of alternative fuels, new technology engines which can minimize both CO2 and NOX emissions and environmentally friendly hybrid transportation vehicles will be expanded.

Green finance:

Turkey aims to support, and facilitate its emission reduc tion and adaptation efforts by benefiting from financing and technology transfer facilities available to countries with similar economic development levels as Turkey.

Cooperation in env.:

Turkey’s national vision within the scope of climate change is to become a country fully integrating climate change related objectives into its development policies, disseminating energy efficiency, increasing the use of clean and renewable energy resources, actively participating in the efforts for tackling climate change within its special circumstances and providing its citizens with a high quality of life and welfare with low carbon intensity.

Energy Supply and Infrastructure

Energy supply priorities:

Энергетическая смесь:

Infrastructure development priorities:

Rehabilitation of existing thermal power plants shall be finalized; and more efficient operation of hydroelectric power plants shall be pursued.

Technology

Clean energy technology priorities:

Medium term: Use of low and zero greenhouse gas emission technologies, primarily renewable energy and clean coal technologies, as well as nuclear energy, shall be fostered, R&D activities on clean technologies and energy resources shall be carried out and domestic industries shall be supported in these ventures.---Use of new and alternative fuels in increasing levels shall be supported together with market incentives and penetration strategies for this purpose.

R&D energy efficiency:

Short Term: Research and development studies will be carried out in order to raise the geometrical and physical standards of road networks to ensure lower fuel consumption.

R&D pollution abatement:

Full Document Text

Republic of Turkey

Climate Change Strategy 2010 - 2023

1. INTRODUCTION

2. CLIMATE CHANGE AND TURKEY Basic Indicators

3. NATIONAL VISION Basic Principles

4. GOALS

5. STRATEGIES

6. TURKEY’S NATIONAL POSITION IN INTERNATIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE NEGOTIATIONS

7. GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSION CONTROL Energy Transportation Industry Waste Land Use Agriculture and Forestry

8. ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE

9. TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT AND TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER

10. FINANCE

11. TRAINING, CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT AND INSTITUTIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE

12. MONITORING AND EVALUATION TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER

1 Introduction

Turkey, being conscious of the fact that climate change is a mul- tidimensional and complex challenge which poses serious en- vironmental and socio economic consequences and threatens national securities and its range of potential impacts represents one of humanity’s most important threats facing future gener- ations, recognizes the importance of international cooperation to reducegreenhouse gas emissions leading to climate change, and to combat climate change. Against this background, Turkey has developed the “National Climate Change Strategy” in order to contribute to global efforts to reduce the impacts of climate change, taking into account its own special circumstances and capacity. The Strategy includes a set of objectives to be imple- mented in the short term (within one year), the mid term (under- taken or completed within 1 to 3 years), and long term (under- taken over a 10 year period). The Strategy will guide the actions to tackle climate change during the period 2010 2020 and will be updated as necessary, in light of emerging national or inter- national developments. With this strategy, Turkey sets a goal of contributing to the global effortsagainst climate change within its own capabilities and in line with thebasic principle of the UNFC- CC “common but differentiated responsibilities” and presents its national mitigation, adaptation, technology, finance and capacity building policies.

2 Climate Change and Turkey

With Decision 26/CP.7 of the Seventh Conference of Parties (COP) in Marrakesh in 2001, Turkey was deleted from the list of Annex II countries, under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Moreover, Decision 26/CP.7 enshrined an invitation to all Parties to recognize the special circumstances of Turkey relative to other Annex I Countries, placing it in a different situation. Following this decision, Turkey became a party to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change on May 24, 2004. Before becoming a party to the UNFCCC, Turkey, in 2001 has carried out an institutional structuring and with the Prime Ministerial Circular no.2001/2 established the Coordination Board on Cli- mate Change (CBCC). The CBCC was restructured in 2004 after Turkey became a party to the UNFCCC and in 2010 its remit was expanded with the participation of new members. The members of the CBCC are: Ministry of Science, Industry and Technology, Ministry of Environ- ment and Urbanization (Coordinator), Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ministry of Economy, Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources, Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock, Ministry of Development, Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Forestry and Water Works, Ministry of Health, Ministry of Transportation, Maritime Affairs and Communication, Un- dersecretariat of Treasury, Turkish Union of Chambers and Commodity Exchanges (TOBB) and Turkish Industry and Business Association (TUSIAD). There are 11 technical working groups established under the CBCC. Law No. 5836 on the Endorsement of Turkey’s Ratification of Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change was published in the Official Gazette numbered 27144 and dated February 17, 2009. Following the publication of the Council of Ministers Decree on the “Ratification Instru- ment” declaring Turkey’s accession to the Kyoto Protocol in the Official Gazette on May 13, 2009, the ratification instrument was submitted to the UN Secretariat General on May 28, 2009, and Turkey officially became a party to the Protocol on August 26, 2009.

Basic Indicators

• Turkey’s population growth rate, which was 1.24 percent in 2007, is quite above the OECD average population growth rate which is 0.68 percent. Turkey is one of the four countries with the highest population growth rates. Turkey ranks 81st in the Human Development Index among 180 countries ac- cording to 2007 data.

∞Turkey has a relatively lower level of welfare based on Gross Domestic Product per capita, in comparison to all Annex I Parties that have adopted greenhouse gas emission reduc- tion targets within the framework of the Kyoto Protocol, as well as when compared to most of the Non Annex I Parties with rapidly developing economies.

Turkey is not at a comparable level of industrialization compared to other OECD countries and many countries included in Annex I to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, as well as some Non An- nex I countries.
Based on 2007 International Energy Agency (IEA) indi- cators, the world’s average primary energy consumption per capita is 1.82 tons of petroleum equivalent, and OECD average is 4.64 tons of petroleum equivalent. Turkey’s pri- mary energy consumption per capita, which is 1.35 tons of petroleum equivalent, is much lower than the world and OECD averages.
Turkey has the lowest values in per capita greenhouse gas emission, per capita primary energy consumption and historical responsibility among all OECD countries and the countries included in Annex I to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Based on 2007 data, while Turkey’s greenhouse gas emissions per capita was 5.3 tons of CO2 equivalent, the average value of the 27 member states of the European Union was 10.2 tons of CO2 equivalent and the average value of OECD countries was 15 tons of CO2 equivalent.
While Turkey’s total greenhouse gas emission in 1990 was 170 million tons of CO2 equivalent, it increased to 372 million tons of CO2 in 2007.
As for the greenhouse gas sinks, although 44 million tons of CO2 equivalent greenhouse gas emission was ab- sorbed by the sinks in 1990; this value was approximately 77 million tons of CO2 equivalent in 2007.

• According to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Inter- governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Turkey is located in the Mediterranean Basin that is especially vul- nerable to the adverse impacts of climate change.

National Vision

Turkey’s national vision within the scope of climate chan- ge is to become a country fully integrating climate chan- ge related objectives into its development policies, dis- seminating energy efficiency, increasing the use of clean and renewable energy resources, actively participating in the efforts for tackling climate change within its special circumstances and providing its citizens with a high qua- lity of life and welfare with low carbon intensity.

Basic Principles

The primary objective of Turkey within the scope of global fight against climate change is to take part in the global ef- forts for preventing climate change, which is a common concern of mankind, determined with common mind in cooperation with the international parties and in the li- ght of objective and scientific evidence; in accordance with the sustainable development policies, and within the framework of the principle of “shared but differentiated responsibilities” and Turkey’s special circumstances.

Goals

Turkey’s strategic goals within the framework of the above basic principles are outlined in the bullets below:

to integrate policies and measures for miti gating and adapting to climate change, into national development plans, consistent with the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change principle of “common but differentiated responsibilities” and its special circumstances;
to contribute to global greenhouse gas emission mitigati- on policies and measures, within its own capacity, by limiting the rate of growth of national greenhouse gas emis sions, without disrupting its development program aligned with sus- tainable develop ment principles;
to increase national preparedness and capac ity in order to avoid the adverse impacts of global climate change and to adapt to these impacts; to share emerging experiences and knowledge from such efforts with other countries in the re- gion; and to develop bilat eral and multilateral joint research projects for mitigation and adaptation;
to comply with the design and implementa tion of global strategic objectives on mitiga tion, adaptation, technology transfer and finance that accounts for responsibilities of the parties, and to take active role in interna tional activities;
to increase access to financial resources re quired for un- dertaking mitigation and adapta tion activities;
to develop national research and develop ment (R&D) and innovation capacities to wards cleaner production and to establish national and international financial resources and incentive mechanisms aimed at increas ing competitiveness and production in this area, by taking into consideration our current technology and development levels;

to facilitate climate change adaptation and mitigation acti- vities by ensuring efficient and continuous coordination and decisionmak ing processes based on transparency, stake hol- der participation, and a strong reliance on a science focus;
to raise public awareness in support of changing consump- tion patterns in a climate friendly manner through joint efforts of all parties such as the public sector, private sec tor, univer- sities and non governmental orga nizations;
to establish an integrated information man agement sys- tem in order to increase the flow and exchange of knowled- ge in national cli mate change efforts.

Strategies

to actively participate in the negotiations car ried out fores- tablishment of a comprehen sive and functional international cooperation mechanism, within efforts to combat and adapt to global climate change;

to prepare the National Climate Change Ac tion Plan, with a dynamic approach, within the overall framework of the Nati- onal Cli mate Change Strategy, the Ninth Develop ment Plan and other national policy and strategy documents;
to initiate the organizational restructuring on climate chan- ge, in concerned institutions;
to establish the necessary infrastructure, so that the green- house gas emissions invento ries can be developed in a more sound man ner;
to develop climate change policies in coop eration with all stakeholders.

Turkey’s National Position in International Climate Change Negotiations

Considering its socio economic indicators, greenhouse gas emissions profile, historical re sponsibility, per capita emissi- on levels, GDP percapita and per capita energy consumption indi cators as well as its ranking in Human Develop ment In- dex, Turkey is in the category of “middle income developing countries”. This fact has been emphasized in a report of inde- pendent experts appointed by the Secretariat of UnitedNati- ons Framework Convention on Climate Change to evaluate our country’s First National Communication and it demonst- rates that Turkeyis in a different category from other Annex I countries.In light of this fact, Turkey plans to fulfill the du ties falling on its part in tackling global climate change, on the ba- sis of the following consid erations, in line with the basic prin- ciple of the Convention “common but differentiated respon sibilities”, and consistent with its own capacity.

Considering its economic and demographic de velopment status, Turkey cannot make a green house gas emission redu- ction commitment by taking a specific baseline year. Turkey plans to limit its greenhouse gas emissions through a set of measures that will not compromise its sus tainable develop- ment and poverty reduction priorities. Furthermore, Turkey declares that it will carry out these mitigation activities, in a measurable, reportable and verifiable manner, in accordance with its national programs and strategies.

Through its numerous national plans, programs and strate- gy documents, primarily the develop ment plans, Turkey has put into effect many pol icies and measures for tackling cli- mate change, especially in the energy, agriculture, forestry, transportation, industry and waste sectors. Moreover, Turkey is willing to contribute more to international efforts in this field, within the framework of its own means and potential.

Turkey is in a developing country position. Therefore, Turkey must be given the opportu nity to benefit from both existing and emergingfinancing facilities and mechanisms available to developing countries for the purposes of emis sion reducti- ons, capacity development, adapta tion, technology transfer, and reduction of emis sions increased as a result of defores- tation and forest degradation. In other words, Turkey aims to support, and facilitate its emission reduc tion and adaptation efforts by benefiting from financing and technology transfer facilities avail able to countries with similar economic devel opment levels as Turkey.

7 Greenhouse Gas Emission Control

Energy

Short Term

All domestic resources, primarily hydro and wind, will be used at maximum levels, using cleaner production techno- logies and best available techniques, in line with energy se curity and climate change goals and within the framework of internal and external fi nancing opportunities.

An Energy Identity Certificate practice shall be introduced for new buildings.

Renewable energy systems will be installed at new buil- dings, with an initial investment cost consistent with energy economics, with payback periods of 10 years for new buil- dings with floor space less than 20,000 m2 and 15 years for new buildings with floor space of 20,000 m2 and greater than 20,000 m2.
Solar power collectors for central heating and sanitary hot water willbe installed at new ho tels, hospitals, dormitories, other nonresi dential buildings used for accommodation purposes, as well as sports centers with a us age area of more than 1,000 m2.

Medium Term

» Energy efficiency potential in the building sector shall be evaluated and realized at max imum levels; priority projects on energy efficient construction materials and technologies will be identified in cooperation with industry.

The infrastructure for the introduction of “Energy Identity Certificate” practices will be developed for existing buildings and heat isolation and other efficiency increasing measures will be encouraged.

Energy management in compliance with standards shall be ensured in the industrial and building sectors by certified energy managers.

Use of low and zero greenhouse gas emission technologies, primarily renewable energy and clean coal technologies, as well as nuclear energy, shall be fostered, R&D activities on clean technologies and energy resources shall be carried out and domestic industries shall be supported in these ventures.

Use of new and alternative fuels in increasing levels shall be supported together with market incentives and penetration strategies for this purpose.

Rehabilitation of existing thermal power plants shall be fi- nalized; and more efficient operation of hydroelectric power plants shall be pursued.

Long Term

» By 2020, energy intensity shall be decreased with reference to 2004 levels.

Improvements shall be ensured in energy consumption at existing public buildings and facilities.

The share of renewable energy in total electricity generati- on shall be increased up to 30% by 2023. In this framework, our technical and economic hydro potential will be fully uti- lized, wind electricity generation capacity will be raised to 20,000 MW and geothermal electricity generation capacity will be raised to 600 MW. Electricity generation from solar energy will be supported.

Greenhouse gas emissions from electricity generation are envisaged to be 7% less than what they would have been in the Reference Scenario by 2020.

Transportation

Medium Term

Plans will be developed to increase the share and load fac- tor of railways, seaways and airways in freight and passenger road transport.

Studies will be carried out to assess the potential for the improvement of combined transport.

Shortdistance maritime and lake transport shall be encou- raged.
Arrangements facilitating the expansion of the use of envi- ronmentally friendly transport vehicles such as bicycles and the pedestrian access in cities, will be encouraged.

Public transportation systems by means of subways and light rail systems shall be expanded especially in metropolitan areas.

The use of alternative fuels and clean vehicle technologies in public transport vehicles will be expanded in cities.

Research and development studies will be carried out in order to raise the geometrical and physical standards of road networks to ensure lower fuel consumption.

Smart transportation system practices will be improved.
Other practices to improve energy efficiency in the transport system shall be developed.

Long Term

The share of railways and seaways in freight and passenger transportation, which is currently 2%, will be increased, and airway transportation shall be supported.

The use of alternative fuels, new technology engines whi- ch can minimize both CO2 and NOX emissions and environ- mentallyfriendly hybrid transportation vehicles will be expanded.

Industry

Short Term

Intensive climate change awareness raising activities will be carried out for the industrialists and consumers and handbooks/guidelines will be published.

The process of hiring energy managers in all industrial facilities with annual energy consumption of more than 1,000 TEP shall be finalized and efficient operation of this system shall be ensured.

Medium Term

Voluntary agreements that encourage the implementation of management instruments enabling the monitoring of gre- enhouse gas emissions, without any capital investment or operating cost, such as energy management systems, gre- enhouse gas inventory reporting systems and benchmarking systems, as well as incentive mechanisms like “climate pione- ers program” will be developed in industry.

All industrial facilities with annual energy consumption of more than 5,000 TEP will conduct annual energy studies.

Heat recovery options in industry, engine speed control systems, and industrial cogeneration systems shall be stimu- lated and encouraged.

Replacement of resources used in industry with cleaner production resources and use of alternative materials will be encouraged.

Importance will be attached to research and development activities and technology transfer, and industrialists shall be encouraged in this direction.

Long Term

• Incentive mechanisms will be introduced to promote clea- ner production, climatefriendly and innovative technologies; and effective operation of inspection and enforcement mec- hanisms will be ensured

• As climate change is among the most important environ- mental and economic problems affecting the international competitiveness of national industry in the existing interna- tional conjuncture, various other measures and policies will be implemented, as appropriate, within the context of the Industry Strategy Paper of Turkey (20102013) and the Scien- ce and Technology Policies, in close cooperation with the industrial sector.

• The determined saving potential shall be realized at maxi- mum levels by the year 2020, through energy efficiency pra- ctices in the industry sector.

Waste

Short Term

• Harmonization of legislation governing municipal was- tes will be finalized by the end of 2010.

Medium Term

The amount of waste reuse and recovery will be inc- reased within the framework of the Waste Action Plan (20082012).
104 sanitary landfill facilities will be established and 76% of municipal waste will be disposed at such facilities by the end of 2012.

Long Term

Waste management hierarchy of source reduction, reuse, recycling, and recovery shall be implemented more efficiently.
The amount of organic substances transferred to the sanitary landfills will be reduced, and biodegradable wastes will be used in energy generation or composting.
Landfill gas will be captured and used for energy ge- neration directly or after being processed; and if these gases cannot be used for energy generation, they will be burned.

Land Use, Agriculture and Forestry

Short Term

Rational fertilizer use will be promoted; carbon emis- sions will be limited by using modern techniques for ir- rigation, soil cultivation, pesticide use, etc.; and organic agriculture, droughttolerant plants and certified seed production will be supported and expanded.
Producers will be financially and technically suppor- ted for their measures on conserving irrigation water and decreasing costs in the irrigation investments, and establishment of modern infarm pressurized irrigation systems (drip / sprinkler irrigation systems) shall be en- couraged.
Technical and financial studies will be carried out on land consolidation to facilitate provision of onfarm ser- vices.
• Use of compressed wood (in the form of wood pellets or briquettes) instead of coal use will be promoted in order to support rural development and to reduce emis- sions.
The status of forestry in Turkey will be assessed, fo- cusing on deforestation and forest degradation, which have critical importance in terms of mitigating climate change, and a strategy shall be developed towards the solution of the problems.
Scientific studies will be carried out to assess climate change impacts on forest ecosystems and to identify potential adaptation strategies in this re- gard, and policies will be developed based on these stu- dies.

Medium Term

Crisis management will be implemented based on agricultural drought forecasts.
Classification standards on protection, improvement and efficient use of soil and land will be developed and practices will be monitored and lands will be used con- sistent with their capability classes; necessary measures will be taken to prevent future soil erosion in the lands that are currently used regardless of their land capability classes and that are irreversibly damaged.
The Law on Soil Protection and Land Use shall be ef- ficiently implemented and enforced, appropriate secon- dary legislation shall be introduced; legal regulations on protection and improvement of meadows and pastures shall be efficiently implemented and effective monito- ring systems will be introduced.
2.3 million hectares of land will be afforested and re- habilitated within the scope of National Afforestation Campaign between the years 2008 – 2012. 181.4 million tonnes of carbon will be absorbed by our forest areas, in 12 years, up through 2020, in addition to carbon absor- bed by existing sinks.
Trees tolerant to drought will be identified and these species will be planted especially in the arid and semiarid areas; vegetation activities will be carried out in the areas in which afforestation is difficult and costly.

In order to reduce the negative impacts of climate change on soil and water resources and to ensure rati- onal use of chemical fertilizers, the application of fer- tilizers consistent with the soil analysis results will be ensured.

• Techniques will be developed to increase carbon absorption in soil; agricultural producers shall be encou- raged to adopt such techniques.

Agricultural biomass and agricultural forestry activities will be expanded as energy resources.

In order to reduce methane emissions originating from agricultural activities, appropriate livestock feeding methods, fertilizer management and good rice drainage conditi- ons will be expanded.
- • In agriculture, mitigation and adaptation strategies reinforce each other. Mitigation technologies increase the resistance of farmers to climate change. For this reason, mitigation and adaptation in agriculture will be planned collectively, since the synergy to be created by mitigation and adapta- tion strategies with effective planning and implementation shall also lead to effective results in production increase and poverty reduction.

• Measures will be taken for wastewater collection and reuse of treated wastewater in agriculture and industry.

• Research and development activities shall be accelerated in support of the combat against drought.
- • Adaptation/mitigation strategies addressing climate change settlement area interactions will be developed based on the best available science.

Long Term

• A central geographic information system shall be establis- hed for all land use classes in Turkey in order to prepare the Greenhouse Gas Inventory and National Inventory Report in line with guidelines from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), and a monitoring model will be de- veloped based on stand maps and satellite data in order to calculate changes among land use classes.
Forest lands and forestry activities, which are crucial for protection and management of water resources within the framework of sustainability principles, shall be planned and implemented based on upper basin management principles.

Strategies for mitigation and adaptation to climate change in settlements shall be developed together with procedures and principles for planning and housing.

Strategies for efficient use of urban land shall be developed in order to prevent the formation of urban heat islands.

Procedures and principles on climate change adaptation in integrated coastal areas shall be determined.
Increasing open green space systems in urban areas shall be encouraged and urban forestry shall be improved
Measures shall be taken in order to reduce urbanization pressures on rural and natural areas.

8 Adaptation to Climate Change

Short Term

Activities identified within the scope of the Agricul- tural Drought Strategy and Action Plan shall be imple- mented urgently.
Stream remediation and erosion prevention activities will be undertaken and construction of flood preventi- on structures will be accelerated, within the context of 2010 as the year of flood protection.
Regional flood plans shall be prepared and integrated into provincial disaster plans.
Activities shall be accelerated for enhancing water quality that has been degraded due to the negative im- pacts of climate change.
The capacity to combat animal diseases and plant pests resulting from climate change shall be strengt- hened.
Activities shall be accelerated to protect and improve natural forests, carry out afforestation, prevent forest fi- res which may increase due to the negative impacts of climate change, and protect greenhouse sinks which are decreasing due to deforestation.
Effective measures shall be taken against pests such as insects and fungi which are likely to increase in fo- rested areas with rising temperatures.
Activities on combating desertification and erosion will be developed and expanded.
Scientific studies on the sustainable use of natural resources will continue, taking into consideration the interaction between climate change and sectors.

Awareness raising and training activities on climate chan- ge adaptation shall target local administrations, profes- sionals and the general public; support shall continue for scientific and social efforts, international communication and nformation exchange, and policy and strategy develop- ment efforts.
Legislation on disaster and risk management shall be revised to assess potential settlement area relocation for risk reduction.

Training activities shall be carried out in order to increase public awareness and participation on disasters and risks re- sulting from climate change.

Activities such as local meetings, publications, television programs shall be planned on potential impacts of disasters resulting from climate change on human health, environ- ment, historical and cultural protected areas, and economic activities and preparedness against these risks.

Training activities for raising awareness on health impacts of climate change will be organized for health personnel and public via those personnel.

Medium Term

Water legislation shall be improved and the concept of adaptation to climate change shall be integrated into the legislation.
- • River basin master and management plans for 25 river ba sins shall be developed within the scope of development, multipurpose usage and protection of all ground and surfa- ce water resources in Turkey.

Early warning systems for flood disaster reduction shall be developed and existing flood risk maps in all watersheds shall be updated.

The impacts of climate change on water resources (in terms of quantity and quality) shall be identified and implementation proposals on adaptation will be developed for vulnerable areas.

• Agricultural practices that account for the adverse impacts of climate change on water resources shall be develo- ped to ensure the sustainability of agricultural production.

• Projects will be developed and farmers will be trained on measures to prevent the increase in the salinity levels in irrigation areas within the regions where heat and evaporation will rise due to climate change (e.g., soil cultivation, draina- ge, irrigation, and mulching)

• Possible adverse impacts of climate change on vulnerab le ecosystems, urban biotopes and biological diversity shall be identified; vulnerability assessments shall be carried out and measures shall be taken for ecosystem and biodiversity protection.

Natural disasters such as floods, avalanches and lands lides, frequency of which are expected to increase with climate change, shall be identified and necessary activities shall be initiated in order to minimize the impacts of these disasters, through the use of early warning systems.

• Projects on erosion and sediment control in all watershe- ds, especially in dam and pond basins, shall be prioritized.
• Financial assistance shall be provided in order to improve the capacity in crop productivity projections carried out ba- sed on the data on climate, land use and vegetation density, with the aim of monitoring the impacts of drought.
• Disaster, hazard and risk maps regarding flood and lands- lide scenarios shall be prepared and integrated into land use plans, which shall form a basis for risk management pro- cesses.
Flood and landslide risk management plans along with implementation and monitoring guidelines shall be prepa- red.
• Climate change vulnerability assessments shall be condu- cted across the country.
• Impacts of climate change on hydroelectric energy gene- ration capacity, tourism, health, food safety, water demand and forests will be evaluated.
Research on development of plant and animal species that are tolerant to heat, drought, diseases, and pests shall be accelerated.

Long Term

• Studies will be carried out on volumebased water pricing to ensure protection and efficient use of water resources.
Irrigation networks which cause excessive water con- sumption and/or have completed their economic life spans shall be rehabilitated and/or replaced by modern systems, and relevant projects will be supported.

• Activities to prevent the adverse impacts of drought shall be supported within the scope of the Agricultural Drought Strategy and Action Plan.

• Seed production will be ensured through regional identification of the varieties of cereals that are drought tolerant; seed production improvement activities shall continue at public institutions, associations and private sector instituti- ons; and a Drought Test Centre will be established in order to develop and test droughttolerant crops.

Mechanisms to facilitate public access to risk maps and disaster management plans relating to climate change shall be developed.

• Environmental impact assessment processes shall be supported with legal regulations and plans.

Use of architectural styles and construction materials appropriate for local climate shall be encouraged.

Efficient use of wastewater shall be promoted in urban green areas.

Rainwater capture, use, and recycling strategies shall be developed for settlements and buildings, including the int- roduction of new technologies.
• Compulsory urban wastewater and rain water storage are- as will be developed and the criteria for site selection will be updated.
- Within the framework of adaptation to climate change; agricultural basins will be identified and basinbased production will be performed for sustainable agriculture, efficient production planning and greater productivity.

Contagious diseases and vectors, which have been linked to climate change by the World Health Organization and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, and which are already evident in Turkey, shall be monitored, and protective and preventive health policies shall be developed.

• Public health impacts associated with heat waves, extreme cold, flooding, storms and drought resulting from cli- mate change shall be monitored. Measures shall be taken to ensure that the effects of changed climatic conditions on public health are minimized.

Technology Development and Technology Transfer 9

Medium Term

Technology Needs Assessments will be carried out on a sectoral basis, within the scope of tackling climate change, and modeling and sectoral stocktaking analy- sis studies will be accelerated for ensuring efficient in- formation management.
• Various incentive mechanisms shall be developed and implemented in order to ensure technology transfer.

Long Term

Innovative financing options and innovation capacity shall be developed, research and development activi- ties for climatefriendly technologies will be promoted, and cleaner production technologies will be encoura- ged, taking into account our current technology and development levels.

10 Finance

Short Term

Existing financial resources available for mitigating and adapting to climate change will be reassessed, and efficient use of these resources shall be ensured, in li- ght of priorities.
Bilateral and multilateral international cooperation initiatives shall be developed in order to benefit more from international funds.

New funding resources will be explored in order to transfer and develop green practices, good agricultural practices and climatefriendly technologies.

Greater access to financial resources, needed to carry out mitigation and adaptation activities, shall be pursued.

Middle Term

Necessary infrastructure will be established for volun- tary domestic carbon markets which provide financial assistance for reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. The voluntary carbon markets will be established in a manner that stimulates technology transfer and disse- mination, and research and development activities.
Necessary measures shall be taken to ensure that the companies already registered in voluntary carbon markets shall not be adversely affected by future legis- lation, and their involvement in these markets shall be encouraged.

Clean technology investments will be supported, taking into consideration best practices of publicprivate sector partnerships.

Transition to lowcarbon economy will be accelerated by ensuring support for technology renewal, emission control, climatefriendly technology production, clean product design and cleaner production technologies.

Greenhouse gas emission reduction and control and adaptation projects shall be prioritized in public invest- ment programming.

Long Term

Innovate and sustanable additional financing resour- cesn shall be created to support the efforts for mitiga- ting and adapting to climate change.

Training, Capacity Development and Institutional Infrastructure

Middle Term

Public awareness and institutional capacity will be strengthened in order to reduce the impacts of climate change and to adapt to the process.
Active participation will be ensured in the negotiations for the development of a comprehensive and fun- ctional international cooperation mechanism on miti- gating and adapting to climate change.

Public awareness will be raised for promotion of climatefriendly consumption patterns through joint ef- forts of all sectors of society such as public, private sector, university, and nongovernmental organizations.

Long Term

Scientific studies on climate change shall be encou- raged. A Climate Change Research Institute shall be established to conduct scientific research on climate change at national and regional levels.

12 Monitoring and Evaluation

Project proposals developed by public institutions and organizations, within the framework of this Strat- egy, in the fields of mitigation, adaptation, technology development and transfer, training, capacity develop- ment and institutional infrastructure, shall be evaluated and prioritized by the Coordination Board on Climate Change, in order to form the basis for preparation of the action plan. All these activities will be coordinated by the Ministry of Environment and Urbanization.

To ensure efficient implementation of the Strategy, a coordination and monitoring system shall be estab- lished by the Ministry of Environment and Urbanization to closely track the progress and intervene as needed in a timely manner.

A “Strategy Monitoring and Steering Committee” shall be established under the Coordination Board on Climate Change, with the aim of monitoring and as- sessing the implementation of the Action Plan to be prepared on the basis of this Strategy. The secretari- at services of this Committee shall be carried out by the Ministry of Environment and Urbanization, and the Committee will inform members of the Coordination Board on Climate Change on the implementation of the Strategy through quarterly reports.

All institutions will make efforts in order to com- ply with reporting requirements established, based on completeness and correctness of information and timeliness, which is a critical component of communi- cation within the system.