China's Policies and Actions for Addressing Climate Change

Information Office of the State Council The People's Republic of China

November 2011, Beijing

Contents

Foreword

I. Mitigating Climate Change

II. Adapting to Climate Change

III. Enhancing Basic Capability

IV. Participation of the Whole Society

V. Participation in International Negotiations

VI. Strengthening International Cooperation

VII. Objectives, Policies and Actions during the 12th Five-Year Plan Period

VIII. China's Basic Position in International Climate Change Negotiations

Concluding Remarks

Foreword

Climate change is a global issue of common concern to the international community. In recent years, worldwide heat waves, droughts, floods and other extreme climate events have occurred frequently, making the impact of climate change increasingly prominent. It has become a main world trend that all countries join hands to respond to climate change and promote green and low-carbon development.

China is the world's largest developing country, with a large population, insufficient energy resources, complex climate and fragile eco-environment. It has not yet completed the historical task of industrialization and urbanization and its development is unbalanced. China's per-capita GDP in 2010 was only a little more than RMB29,000. By the UN standard for poverty, China still has a poverty-stricken population of over 100 million, thus it faces an extremely arduous task in developing its economy, eliminating poverty and improving the people's livelihood. In the meantime, China is one of the countries most vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change. Climate change generates many negative effects on China's economic and social development, posing a major challenge to the country's sustainable development.

The Chinese government constantly sets great store by the issue of climate change and has included addressing climate change into its mid- and long-term planning for economic and social development as a major issue concerning its overall economic and social development. In 2006, China set forth the compulsive goal of reducing its per-unit GDP energy consumption in 2010 by 20 percent from that of 2005. In 2007, China became the first developing country to formulate and implement a national program to address climate change. In 2009, China put forward the goal of action to reduce the per-unit GDP greenhouse gas emission in 2020 by 40-45 percent as compared to that of 2005.

To accomplish the above goals, China adopted a range of major policy measures to mitigate and adapt to climate change during the Eleventh Five-Year Plan (2006-2010) period, and has achieved remarkable results. The Outline of the Twelfth Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development released in 2011 established the policy orientation of promoting green and low-carbon development, and expressly set out the objectives and tasks of addressing climate change for the next five years. China has been playing a constructive role in international negotiations on climate change, actively pushing forward the negotiation process, thereby making a significant contribution to addressing global climate change. This white paper is hereby issued to enable the international community to fully understand China's policies and actions for addressing climate change, and the positive results achieved in this regard during the Eleventh Five-Year Plan period, as well as China's overall arrangements to address climate change and its related negotiating position during the Twelfth Five-Year Plan period (2011-2015).

I. Mitigating Climate Change

During the Eleventh Five-Year Plan period, China accelerated the transformation of its economic development mode, and achieved remarkable results in controlling greenhouse gas emission by promoting industrial restructuring, energy restructuring and energy conservation, improving energy efficiency, and increasing carbon sink.

1. Optimizing Industrial Structure

Reforming and upgrading traditional industries. China has formulated and released plans for restructuring and rejuvenating ten major industries, including automobiles, and iron and steel, revised the Guideline Catalogue for Industrial Restructuring, and issued the Opinions on Curbing Overcapacity and Redundant Construction in Some Industries and Guiding the Sound Development of Industries. China has raised the market entry threshold for high-energy-consuming industries, conducted energy conservation evaluation and examination of fixed asset investment projects, enhanced technology transformation and upgrading in traditional industries, promoted corporate merger and restructuring, adjusted export tax rebate policies, imposed export duties on coal, some nonferrous metals, steel billets and chemical fertilizers, and restrained the export of high-energy-consuming, high-emission and high-resource-consuming products. Efforts have been made to accelerate the pace of eliminating backward production capacity. By implementing the policy of "replacing small thermal power generating units with larger ones," China shut down small thermal power generating units with a total generating capacity of 76.82 million kw, and eliminated backward steel production capacity to the tune of 72 million tons; iron production capacity, 120 million tons; cement production capacity, 370 million tons; coke production capacity, 107 million tons; paper production capacity, 11.3 million tons; and glass production capacity, 45 million cases. The proportion of thermal power generating units with a generation capacity above 300,000 kw each in China's thermal power installed capacity increased from 47 percent in 2005 to 71 percent in 2010; the proportion of large iron production blast furnaces with an capacity above 1,000 cu m each increased from 48 percent to 61 percent; and the proportion of the output of large aluminum electrolysis prebaking tanks increased from 80 percent to above 90 percent. The industry concentration in the iron, steel, cement, nonferrous metals, machinery and automobile sectors among other key industries was remarkably improved, while energy consumption in major industries was dramatically reduced. From 2005 to 2010, coal consumption in thermal power supply dropped 10 percent from 370 to 333 g/kwh; comprehensive energy consumption per ton of steel decreased 12.8 percent from 694 to 605 kg of standard coal; that in cement production, down by 24.6 percent; that of ethylene production, down by 11.6 percent; and that of synthetic ammonia production, 14.3 percent.

Fostering and strengthening strategic and newly emerging industries. China has issued the Decision on Accelerating the Fostering and Development of Strategic and Newly Emerging Industries, which defines the overall principles, key tasks and policy measures for fostering and developing strategic and newly emerging industries. The Chinese government has selected key fields of these industries, implemented a number of major projects and built a range of related programs. China has accelerated the pace of building a national innovation system, implemented knowledge- and technology-innovation projects, and intensified efforts on tackling key technological problems. The government has initiated a venture capital investment program in newly emerging industries, established 20 venture capital investment funds, and supported the growth of innovative enterprises in energy conservation, environmental protection, new energy development and other sectors in strategic new industries. In 2010, the output value of China's high-tech manufacturing industries reached RMB7.6 trillion, ranking the second in the world, and more than twice the figure for 2005.

Accelerating the development of the service industry. China has formulated and implemented the Opinions Concerning Accelerating the Development of the Service Industry, Opinions on the Implementation of Some Policies and Measures for Accelerating the Development of the Service Industry, and other important documents, vigorously promoting the development of production- and life-related service trades. The government has also issued the Guidelines for Accelerating the Development of High-tech Service Industry. From 2005 to 2010, the added value of China's service sector increased 11.9 percent per year on average, with an average annual growth rate of 0.7 of a percentage point higher than that of GDP, and with its proportion in GDP rising from 40.3 percent to 43 percent.

2. Energy Conservation

Enhancing target responsibility assessment. China has resolved and assigned responsibilities to fulfill set targets in energy conservation, and established a statistical monitoring and evaluation system to regularly evaluate the completion of energy conservation targets and the implementation of energy conservation measures by 31 provincial governments and 1,000 key enterprises. In 2010, China launched special supervision over energy conservation and emission reduction in 18 key regions. Strict target responsibility evaluation and accountability contributed to achieving the national energy conservation targets.

Promoting energy conservation in key fields. The Chinese government has carried out ten key energy conservation projects, including upgrading of industrial boilers and kilns, combined heat and power generation, electromechanical system energy conservation and residual heat and pressure utilization, conducted energy conservation in 1,000 enterprises, enhanced energy conservation management of key energy-consuming enterprises, and promoted energy audit and energy efficiency benchmarking activities. It has launched the low-carbon transportation action for automobiles, ships, roads and harbors in 1,000 enterprises, vigorously developed urban public transport. It has also improved the implementation rate of mandatory energy conservation standards of new buildings, quickened the energy conservation transformation of existing buildings, promoted the use of renewable energy resources in buildings, and conducted energy conservation transformation of government office buildings. By the end of 2010, the implementation rate of mandatory energy efficiency standards for new urban buildings reached 99.5 percent in the design stage and 95.4 percent in the construction stage. During the Eleventh Five-Year Plan period, the accumulated total energy-efficient floor space constructed was 4.857 billion sq m, with energy-saving capacity of 46 million tons of standard coal. The government has taken energy conservation actions in the retail sector by restraining the production, marketing and use of plastic shopping bags, and curbing over-packaging.

Promoting energy-saving technology and products. China has released a total of 115 state key energy-efficient technology promotion catalogues in three batches, and specially promoted seven energy-efficient technologies in the iron and steel, building material and chemical industries. The government has launched a project to promote energy-efficient products for the benefit of the people, and promoted high-efficiency illumination products and air-conditioners, energy-efficient motors and other energy-efficient products by way of government subsidies. The central treasury has appropriated subsidies to support the production of and promote the use of some 360 million high-efficiency illumination products, 30 million high-efficiency air conditioners and one million energy-efficient motor vehicles, which have realized an annual energy-saving capacity of 20 billion kwh. China has carried out energy conservation and new-energy vehicle demonstration and promotion, and taken the lead in using mixed-power vehicles, electric vehicles and fuel cell vehicles. The government has established a preferential procurement system for energy-efficient products, released a government procurement list of energy-efficient products, and ordered mandatory procurement of nine kinds of energy-efficient products, including air-conditioners, computers and illumination products. During the Eleventh Five-Year Plan period, a large variety of high-efficiency energy technologies were widely applied, including low-temperature waste heat power generation, new type cathode aluminum reduction cells, high-voltage frequency conversion, rare earth permanent magnet motors and plasma oil-less ignition. Meanwhile, the market share of high-efficiency illumination products reached 67 percent, and that of high-efficiency air-conditioners, 70 percent.

Developing a circular economy. National "city mine" demonstration bases have been built to promote the concentrated, circular and high-added-value utilization of obsolete electromechanical equipment, waste household appliances, plastic and rubber, and other waste resources in key cities, and efforts are being made to promote the comprehensive utilization of major industrial solid waste. During the Eleventh Five-Year Plan period, China comprehensively utilized about one billion tons of fly ash, 1.1 billion tons of coal slag, and 500 million tons of metallurgical slag. The central government funded the industrialization of remanufacturing projects. By the end of 2010, China had formed a remanufacturing capacity of automobile engines, gearboxes, steering engines and electric generators, totaling 250,000 pieces (sets).

Promoting energy conservation market mechanism. The government is proactively pushing forward energy management through contract management, power demand side management, voluntary energy conservation agreements and other market mechanisms. In 2010, China issued the Opinions on Accelerating the Implementation of Contract Energy Management and Promoting the Development of the Energy Conservation Service Industry, increased financial support, adopted policy of taxation support and improved related accounting systems and financial services to strengthen support for the energy conservation service industry. From 2005 to 2010, the number of energy conservation service companies increased from 80 to over 800, the number of employees in this sector increased from 16,000 to 180,000, the industry scale was enlarged from RMB4.7 billion-worth to RMB84 billion-worth, and the annual energy-saving capacity rose from some 600,000 to more than 13 million tons of standard coal.

Improving related standards. The government has improved the energy-efficient design standards for residential buildings in three climate zones (freezing cold and cold, hot in summer and cold in winter, and hot in summer and warm in winter); improved energy-efficient design standards for public buildings and the code of acceptance inspection of energy-efficient building construction; issued 27 mandatory national standards for energy consumption quotas of high energy-consuming products and 19 mandatory national energy efficiency standards for major terminal energy-using products; formulated 15 national standards for the discharge of major pollutants; promulgated 71 environmental labeling standards; and released an energy efficiency labeling product catalogue.

Incentive policies. China has quickened the reform of the energy pricing mechanism, reformed the taxes and fees of refined petroleum products, adopted a differential electricity pricing policy for high-energy-consuming industries, imposed electricity pricing penalties on products with super-high energy consumption, and promoted the metered charging of heat supply by actual consumption of each household. The government has earmarked special funds for energy conservation and emission reduction. During the Eleventh Five-Year Plan period, the central treasury invested an accumulative total of RMB225 billion to support energy-efficient technology upgrading and the popularization of energy-efficient products, forming an energy conservation capacity of 340 million tons of standard coal. The government meanwhile has been steadily pushing forward the reform of the resource taxation system, improving the export tax rebate system, adjusting the policy on vehicle purchase, and vehicle and vessel tax, using preferential taxation policies to promote energy and water conservation, the comprehensive utilization of resources, and the import of energy-efficient and low-carbon products.

Through the efforts of all sectors, China accomplished its energy conservation goals listed in the Eleventh Five-Year Plan. China's energy consumption per unit of GDP dropped 19.1 percent from that of 2005 accumulatively, or a reduction of 1.46 billion tons of carbon dioxide emissions. During the same period, China's national economy expanded at an average annual rate of 11.2 percent, while its energy consumption grew only 6.6 percent annually on average. The energy consumption elasticity coefficient dropped from 1.04 in the Tenth Five-Year Plan period (2001-2005) to 0.59, which eased the contradiction between energy supply and demand.

3. Developing Low-carbon Energy

Accelerating the development of natural gas and other clean resources. The government is vigorously developing natural gas, encouraging the development and utilization of coal-bed methane, shale gas and other unconventional oil and gas resources, and has enacted a number of policies in this regard, such as financial subsidies, preferential taxation, connecting generated power to grid and electricity price subsidies. China has formulated and implemented an overall plan of management and utilization of coal mine methane, and is forcefully pushing forward the clean utilization of coal, guiding and encouraging the utilization of coal mine methane and the development of ground coal-bed methane. Natural gas production increased from 49.3 billion cu m in 2005 to 94.8 billion cu m in 2010, an average annual increase of 14 percent. In that period, China's natural gas consumption accounted for 4.3 percent of its total energy consumption, and the extraction of coal-bed methane reached 30.55 billion cu m, with the amount utilized reaching 11.45 billion cu m, equivalent to a reduction of 170 million tons of carbon dioxide emissions.

Proactively developing and utilizing non-fossil energy. China has enhanced the development and utilization of hydropower, nuclear energy and other low-carbon energy sources through policy guidance and fund input. By the end of 2010, China's installed hydropower capacity had reached 213 million kw, doubling the figure for 2005; and installed nuclear power capacity had reached 10.82 million kw, with another 30.97 million kw under construction. China supports the development of wind power, solar power, geothermal, biomass energy and other new types of renewable energy. It has improved the pricing policy for on-grid power generated by wind, and launched the "Golden Sun Demonstration Project" to promote the franchise bidding for large-scale photovoltaic power stations. It has improved the pricing policy for power generated by agricultural and forestry biomass energy, increased financial support for the development of biomass energy and enhanced methane development in rural areas. China's installed wind power capacity grew from 1.26 million kw in 2005 to 31.07 million kw in 2010, and installed photovoltaic power capacity increased from less than 100,000 kw in 2005 to 600,000 kw; the number of solar water heaters in use reached 168 million sq m; and installed biomass energy capacity was about 5 million kw. With an annual utilization of methane of about 14 billion cu m, the total number of methane users in China reached 40 million households; utilized ethanol bio-fuel was 1.8 million tons; and the contribution made by all types of biomass energy totaled 15 million tons of standard coal.

4. Controlling Non-energy-related Greenhouse Gas Emission

The government has enhanced control over greenhouse gas emission in industrial and agricultural production, waste disposal and other fields. China has applied the raw material substitution technology such as replacing limestone with carbide slag in the cement clinker production process, applied the technique of producing cement with blast furnace slag and fly ash as added mixed materials, applied secondary- and tertiary-stage treatment to address the discharge of nitrous oxide during the nitric acid production process, applied catalytic decomposition and thermal oxidative decomposition to address the discharge of nitrous oxide during the adipic acid production process, and thermal oxidative decomposition to capture and remove HFC-23. China has quickened transformation in the mode of animal husbandry production, and reduced the emission of methane and nitrous oxide in cropland, and poultry and livestock farming. The government has launched the soil organic matter advancement subsidy project, and promoted returning straw to farmland, green manure growing, adding organic fertilizer and other technologies to an accumulated total area of about 30 million mu (a Chinese unit of area equal to 1/15 of a hectare). The government has improved urban waste disposal standards, adopted a household garbage charging system, promoted advanced waste incineration technology, and formulated incentive policies for landfill gas recovery. China also carries out research and demonstration for carbon capture, utilization and sequestration technologies. Statistics showed that by the end of 2010 China's nitrous oxide emission in industrial production generally remained at the level of 2005, and the growth of methane emission was basically brought under control.

5. Increasing Carbon Sink

Increasing forest carbon sink. China is continuously carrying out ecological protection projects, such as the key shelterbelt construction project in northwest, northeast and north China and along the Yangtze River, and projects to return farmland to forest, natural forest protection project, the program to control sandstorms in the Beijing and Tianjin area. It has carried out a pilot afforestation project with an aim to expand carbon sinks, enhanced sustainable forest management, and increased the forest stock volume. The central finance has raised the standard for afforestation investment subsidy from RMB100 to 200 per mu, and established the China Green Carbon Fund. Currently, China's man-made forest reserve has reached 62 million ha; its national forest coverage has reached 195 million ha, with the forest coverage rate rising from 18.21 percent in 2005 to 20.36 percent in 2010, with a forest stock volume of 13.721 billion cu m. China's total carbon storage in forest vegetation has reached 7.811 billion tons.

Improving farmland and grassland carbon sinks. China is implementing the systems to promote grass-livestock balance, prohibiting or temporarily banning pasturing in certain areas, and regionally rotating pasturing, so as to control the livestock-carrying capacity of pastures and curb pasture degeneration. It is expanding the project of returning grazing land to grassland, strengthening the construction of man-made forage meadows and irrigated pastures, enhancing the prevention and control of grassland natural disasters, and increasing the grassland coverage rate and grassland carbon sinks. By 2010, protective farming technology had been applied to an area of 64.75 million mu; the no-tillage mechanical seeding area had reached 167 million mu; and mechanically-crushed straw had been returned to farmland in a total area of 428 million mu.

6. Promoting Low-carbon Development in Localities

Promoting low-carbon pilot projects in selected provinces and cities. In 2010, China launched a national "low-carbon province and low-carbon city" experimental project. The first batch of selected localities included five provinces, namely, Guangdong, Hubei, Liaoning, Shaanxi and Yunnan, and eight cities, namely, Tianjin, Chongqing, Hangzhou, Xiamen, Shenzhen, Guiyang, Nanchang and Baoding. Currently, all the pilot provinces and cities have established leading work teams, formulated implementation schemes, and promulgated their respective goals for carbon intensity reduction in the Twelfth Five-Year Plan period -- and 2020. They have also vigorously promoted the transformation of the local economic development mode, took major actions to advance the construction of key low-carbon development projects, and vigorously developed low-carbon industries to promote green and low-carbon development.

Actively drawing on low-carbon development experience. To build a "culture-enriched, technology-empowered and environmentally-friendly Beijing," Beijing, the capital city of China, has accelerated the development of the green, low-carbon and circular economy, vigorously developed strategic newly emerging industries and modern service industries, quickened the low-carbon transformation of existing buildings and transport systems, and advocated low-carbon consumption and a low-carbon lifestyle. Shanghai has sped up the pace of optimizing its energy structure, launched low-carbon development pilot projects in Hongqiao CBD and Chongming Island, implemented the concept of low-carbon development in the design, construction and operation of the Shanghai World Expo Park, and carried out "voluntary emission reduction activities to achieve a low-carbon World Expo." Jiangsu Province has selected four cities, ten industrial parks and ten enterprises for pilot experiments in developing a low-carbon economy.

II. Adapting to Climate Change

During the 11th Five-Year Plan period, China strengthened scientific research in and impact evaluation of climate change, improved relevant laws and policies, and enhanced the capability of key sectors to adapt to climate change, so as to reduce the negative impact of climate change on economic and social development and people's lives.

1. Agriculture

China strives to consolidate farmland and water conservancy infrastructure, raise the overall production capacity of agriculture, encourage large-scale construction of standard farmland with stable yields despite drought or flood, support major irrigation areas to continue building supporting and big irrigation and drainage pump stations, expand the irrigation area, improve the irrigation efficiency and spread water-conservation technology, and carry out agricultural water pricing reform and pilot water-conservation renovations of farmland ditches, and enhance the nation's capacity to resist disasters. It has built and improved agricultural meteorological monitoring and early-warning systems. China also carries out research into and cultivates stress-resistant varieties of seeds with high yield potential and high quality and resistance to drought, waterlogging, high temperature, diseases and pests, and expands the growing areas of super strains of crops. It has further increased subsidies for superior strains of crops, and accelerated integration of the cultivation, reproduction and spreading of such superior strains. Currently, more than 95 percent of the farmland nationwide is sown with superior strains of major crops, which contributes 40 percent to the grain output increase.

2. Water Resources

China has formulated National Comprehensive Plan for Water Resources, Seven Major River Basins' Flood Control Plan, National Mountain Torrent Disaster Prevention and Control Plan, National Plan to Guarantee the Safe Supply of Drinking Water to Urban Dwellers, and National Plan for the Eco-protection of Major Rivers and Lakes. It has strengthened river basin management and water resources allocation, and organized and implemented the work of diverting water from the Yellow River to Tianjin and Hebei Province, from the Qiantang River to Lake Taihu at time of urgent need, and ecological water re-charge to the Heihe and Tarim rivers. It has quickened the implementation of the strictest water resources control, and improved the policy system concerning the development, utilization, conservation and protection of water resources. It has started constructing a batch of water-shed flood control projects, while accelerating the pace of some key water conservancy projects and major water resource projects. It has tightened soil erosion control, and has completed the comprehensive improvement of 230,000 sq km of land suffering from water and soil erosion. It has completed the reinforcement of large and medium-sized reservoirs as well as key small ones in danger. More efforts have been made to guarantee the safe supply of drinking water to 210 million rural residents, meeting the relevant target set in the UN Millennium Development Goals six years in advance.

3. Marine Resources

China has strengthened the construction of a marine meteorological observation network. With such a network in place, the country has been able to observe the key climate factors in its offshore regions and some oceans, and basically built up a typical monitoring system in the eco-sensitive marine areas, thereby effectively enhancing its ability to monitor the sea-air carbon dioxide exchange flux. China has started redefining the national and provincial marine functional zoning, has started marine ecosystem restoration projects in the coastal areas and on key islands, and launched eco-restoration demonstration projects such as cultivating and replanting mangroves, protecting coral reefs by way of relocation, and returning coastal wetlands to beaches. The observation and early warning work related to storm surge, sea wave, tsunami, sea ice and other marine disasters have effectively reduced the casualties and property losses caused by such marine disasters. Observation, investigation and evaluation have been conducted of sea level rise, coastal erosion, seawater intrusion and saline tide, and the datum tide marks of 94 tidal gauging stations have been re-verified. Through comprehensive offshore investigation and evaluation, it has obtained systematic knowledge of the distribution, both spatially and temporally, of marine disasters. In addition, annual gazettes have been released on marine conditions, sea levels and marine disasters to provide information for preventing and combating various marine disasters.

4. Public Health

China has worked out and promulgated the National Health Emergency Response Plan against Natural Disasters (Trial) which has clearly defined the health-related goals and principles in case of floods and droughts, meteorological and biological disasters, and other natural disasters, established the natural disaster emergency response work system, the levels and measures of such response, and formulated emergency response work plans against different types of natural disasters. The Emergency Response Plan against High-temperature Heat-stroke (Trial) and National Environment and Health Action Plan (2007-2015) have also been enacted. Researches have been carried out in the monitoring of the quality of drinking water, the impact of air pollution on health, infectious diseases caused by climatic factors, the impacts of climate change on vector-borne parasitic diseases and water-borne communicable diseases, and other diseases caused by impacts of climate change on environment, so as to provide technical support for the formulation of policies and measures to adapt to climate change.

5. Meteorology

The meteorological departments have released and implemented the Weather Research Plan (2009-2014), Climate Research Plan (2009-2014), Applied Meteorology Research Plan (2009-2014) and Comprehensive Meteorological Observation Research Plan (2009-2014), and distributed the China Implementation Plan of the Climate Observation Systems, in an effort to promote the observation, pre-evaluation and evaluation of climate change. China has set up the first-generation operational system based on a dynamical climate model for short-term climate prediction, developed the new-generation dynamical climate model system, and conducted various evaluations regarding the impact of climate change on the safety of national grain supply, water supply, ecology and human health.

III. Enhancing Basic Capability

To build up its basic capability in this regard, during the 11th Five-Year Plan period China continued to improve relevant legislation, management system and working mechanism for addressing concerning climate change, strengthened statistical and calculation research and institutional construction, raised the level of scientific research and policy study, and further strengthened relevant education and training.

1. Formulating Relevant Laws and Regulations and Important Policies

Improving relevant laws and regulations. China has formulated or amended the Renewable Energy Law, Circular Economy Promotion Law, Energy Conservation Law, Clean Production Promotion Law, Water and Soil Conservation Law and Islands Protection Law, promulgated the Regulations on Civil Buildings Energy Conservation, Regulations on Public Organizations Energy Conservation and Regulations on Drought Control, and issued the Interim Measures for Energy Conservation Evaluation and Review of Fixed Assets Investment, Measures for Energy Conservation Supervision of High-Energy-Consuming Special Equipment and Interim Measures for Supervision of Energy Conservation and Emission Reduction of National Enterprises. It has also conducted pre-legislation study on climate change.

Formulating and implementing China's National Climate Change Program. This Program defines the guiding principles, main fields and key tasks concerning the work of addressing climate change. As required by this document, 31 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government have all worked out their own programs to address climate change, and have put them into practice. The work to address climate change has been gradually incorporated into the plans of economic and social development of each locality, and placed on the priority agendas of local governments. Relevant departments have also worked out action plans and working programs in such fields as marine resources, meteorology and environmental protection.

Promulgating a series of important policy documents. China has promulgated the Mid- and Long-term Plan for the Development of Renewable Energy, Mid- and Long-term Plan for the Development of Nuclear Energy, the 11th Five-Year Plan for Renewable Energy Development, Decision on Energy Conservation Work, Opinions on Accelerating the Development of Circular Economy and other important documents. The Comprehensive Working Plan for Energy Conservation and Emission Reduction in the 11th Five-Year Plan Period, released in 2007, stated the goals, key fields, and policy measures regarding energy conservation and emission reduction, and played a significant role in promoting energy conservation and emission reduction work in the period 2006-2010.

2. Improving Management Systems and Working Mechanism

China has built and constantly improved its management system and working mechanism to address climate change, which features the unified leadership of the National Leading Group to Address Climate Change, administration by the National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC), division of work with separate responsibilities among relevant departments and wide participation of various localities and industries. In 2007, the National Leading Group to Address Climate Change was set up, with premier of the State Council as its head and 20 ministers as its members. The NDRC was assigned the specific work by the leading group, and in 2008 the NDRC set up a department to coordinate and supervise the relevant work. Following that, relevant government departments established functional organs and working mechanisms to address climate change work in their own fields. To coordinate the inter-ministry work, a liaison office was set up within the framework of the National Leading Group to Address Climate Change in 2010, and the National Panel on Climate Change was adjusted and strengthened to ensure scientific decision-making. All provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government have established their own leading groups and working organs to address climate change, and some sub-provincial or prefectural cities have also set up offices to address climate change. Relevant departments under the State Council have founded supportive organs such as the National Center for Climate Strategy and International Cooperation of China, and the Research Center for Climate Change, and some universities and scientific institutions have opened their own climate change research organizations.

3. Enhancing Statistical and Accounting Capabilities

Improving energy and related statistical systems. China has issued the Implementation Plan and Methods for Statistical Monitoring and Reviewing of Energy Conservation and Emission Reduction, further improved the energy-consumption accounting calculation system, and worked out ten new energy statistical systems, which basically cover energy consumption by all sectors of society. The various localities have improved their energy statistical setups and personnel placement to spur statistical work in this field. All provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government have set up energy statistics organizations, and key energy consumption units have boosted their energy statistical and accounting work. A reporting system has been in place for key energy consumption units to report their energy utilization, and standardize their submission of such reports. Technical guidance for forest carbon sink metering and monitoring has been formulated to promote the construction of such metering and monitoring systems.

Reinforcing greenhouse gas emission accounting. In the wake of its submission of the Initial National Communication on Climate Change of the People's Republic of China to United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) at the tenth session of the Conference of the Parties in 2004, China organized the compilation of a greenhouse gas emission list and the second national communication report in 2005. It has built a national databank of greenhouse gas lists, issued the Guidance for Compiling Provincial Greenhouse Gas Emission Lists (Trial), and started the compilation work at provincial level and held a series of training courses in this regard.

4. Fueling Support from Scientific and Policy Research

Augmenting fundamental research. China has compiled its first and second National Evaluation Reports on Climate Change. It has conducted research into the relations between climatic change and environment quality, coordinated control of greenhouse gas and pollutants, climate change and the water cycle mechanism, and climate change and forestry response measures. It has built a data set on climate change trend, and released a data set on Asian climate change prediction. It has opened several special laboratories in sea-air interaction and climate change, and has conducted large amounts of work in fundamental research.

Promoting climate-friendly technological R&D. With the support of the National Hi-tech R&D Program ("863 Program") and the National Key Technologies R&D Program, China has started R&D into clean and efficient utilization of energies, energy-saving technology and equipment in certain key industries, key energy-saving technology and materials for buildings, key technology and equipment of clean production for key industries, and pattern of a low-carbon economic development and integrated application of key technologies, and has made significant progress with a number of invention patents of its own intellectual property rights. China also pushes forward the R&D of technology for the development and application of renewable and new energies, and key technology for the smart grids. It has made evaluations of the practice of using greenhouse gas as a resource to enhance the petroleum recovery ratio, and of the capacity of underground storage and storage of carbon dioxide in underground saline water, and has carried out R&D in the preparation and sifting of new, safe and efficient absorption materials. Included in the National Key Technologies R&D Program through the 11th Five-Year Plan are special programs to study the impacts caused by and adaption to climate change and corresponding key technologies to address them, and to demonstrate the technologies used to adapt to climate change in typical fragile zones. In terms of carbon emission monitoring, China has begun its research in Orbiting Carbon Observatory. With the support of the "863 Program" and the National Key Technologies R&D Program, China has started to research in and demonstrate carbon capture and emission reduction technologies applied in major agricultural and forestry ecosystems, and key technologies in forestry eco-construction, and research into the technologies for monitoring, early warning and addressing major agriculture-related climatic disasters. It has carried out evaluation and applied research into technologies of energy conservation and emission reduction for key industries, which is a project of the National Key Technologies R&D Program. By 2010, the country had built 288 state engineering research (technological) centers and 91 state engineering laboratories.

Strengthening strategy and policy study. Centering on the major tasks in addressing climate change during the 12th Five-Year Plan period, China is studying a long-term strategy to cope with the issue of climate change, a strategy of low-carbon development, and a national overall strategy to address climate change and carbon trading mechanism, as well as relevant laws and regulations at home and abroad related to climate change. It has started a special scientific action, with a total investment of 110 million yuan, to deal with climate change, and begun studying major strategies and technical issues to promote its own green development.

5. Strengthening Education and Training

Gradually including climate change into the national education system. Education on environmental protection and climate change has been given more attention in secondary schools and universities, and relevant courses, teaching and research bases have been set up. All these have played an important role in fostering professionals in this regard.

More training on climate change for officials. Collective studies, lectures and reports have been organized to help officials enhance their awareness of climate change and scientific management. The training classes organized by relevant departments under the central government cover such subjects as climate change, sustainable development and environmental management, capability building of provincial decision-makers in charge of climate change work, capability building of local officials in charge of clean development mechanism, climate-change-adaptation capability building, and capability building of provincial greenhouse gas lists compilation. Local governments have also organized various training courses on climate change.

IV. Participation of the Whole Society

China proactively publicizes relevant scientific knowledge in addressing climate change, enhances public awareness of low-carbon development, gives full play to the initiatives of non-governmental organizations, the media and other outlets, and uses various channels and measures to guide the whole society to participate in actions addressing climate change.

1. Proactive Government Guidance

Since 2008, China has published an annual report titled "China's Policies and Actions for Addressing Climate Change" to give comprehensive introductions to China's policies and progress in addressing climate change. It organizes an "energy-saving publicity week" every year to publicize knowledge of energy conservation and emission reduction, and knowledge of climate change among the people. It also proactively popularizes the scientific knowledge of climate change on World Environment Day, World Meteorological Day, the Earth Day, World Oceans Day, World Car-free Day, National Day of Disaster Prevention and Reduction, National Day of Science Popularization and other theme days. The local governments of Beijing, Tianjin, Guiyang and other cities have held large international seminars, forums and exhibitions on climate change, energy conservation and environmental protection to enhance exchanges on low-carbon development with other countries and public awareness on addressing climate change, energy conservation and low-carbon development. The government also has given full play to the roles of newspapers, radios, televisions, magazines and other traditional media as well as the Internet, mobile phones and other new media to strengthen publicity and education on addressing climate change, energy conservation and low-carbon development.

2. Proactive Actions by Non-governmental Organizations

The China Society of Territorial Economics has opened low-carbon territory experimental areas, the All-China Environment Federation and China Tourism Association have carried out the nation's first low-carbon tourism experiments at 48 tourist resorts, and the China Iron and Steel Industry Association and All-China Federation of Trade Unions have organized benchmarking contests on energy conservation and consumption of large-scale energy-consuming steel production equipment. The China Energy Conservation Association and other organizations have held summit media forums on climate change and low-carbon economic development. The China National Coal Association, China Nonferrous Metals Association, China Petroleum and Chemical Industry Association, China Building Materials Federation, China Electricity Council and other organizations have also played important roles in the planning of industry energy conservation, formulation and implementation of energy conservation standards, promotion of energy conservation technology, energy consumption statistics, and energy conservation publicity and training, information and inquiry, and related areas. Some non-profit organizations have also held publicity and education campaigns to boost public awareness on addressing climate change.`

3. Vigorous Media Publicity

The Chinese media organs constantly strengthen publicity and news coverage on climate change, energy conservation and low-carbon development. The media have compiled and published a series of introductory and publicity picture books on climate change and the prevention of meteorological disasters, produced films and TV series, including Facing Climate Change, Warming Earth, Focusing on Climate Change, and Same Hot, Same Cool, the World Over, actively introducing China's policies, actions and achievements in addressing climate change, advocating a low-carbon lifestyle, increasing the public's knowledge and understanding of climate change and presenting China's efforts and achievements in combating climate change.

4. Public Participation

The Chinese public proactively responds to climate change with action: taking their own shopping bags, using both sides of paper, limiting the temperature of air-conditioners, refusing to use disposable chopsticks, purchasing energy-saving products, choosing low-carbon means of transport, preferring low-carbon food, leading low-carbon lifestyles and practicing low-carbon life and consumption in every aspect of daily life, including clothing, food, residence and travel. People all around China actively participate in the Earth Hour program and turn off their lights on the last Saturday of March each year to express their mutual aspiration for the protection of the global climate. The 1,000-youth environment-friendly ambassador program and other activities are held to publicize the concept of environmental protection, advocate a low-carbon lifestyle and practice green consumption at state organs, schools, communities, barracks, enterprises, parks and public squares. In some big and medium-sized cities, a low-carbon life has become a trend sought after by people who pursue a simple and low-carbon lifestyle. Shanghai, Chongqing, Tianjin and other cities have carried out the "Cool China -- National Low-carbon Action" to survey and analyze family carbon emissions. Harbin and other cities have initiated energy-saving and emission-reduction programs in communities, mobilizing families, schools, businesses and services, and state organs in communities to take part in energy conservation and emission reduction. Universities, high schools and primary schools all around the country have actively publicized the low-carbon lifestyle and environmental protection, and the goal of building a "green campus" set by some universities has aroused wide-spread attention.

V. Participation in International Negotiations

The Chinese government attaches great importance to the issue of global climate change. With a high sense of responsibility, it has proactively and constructively participated in international negotiations to address climate change, strengthened multi-level negotiations and dialogues with other countries in the area of climate change, striving to promote consensus among all parties on the issue of climate change and make positive contributions to building a fair and reasonable international mechanism for addressing climate change.

1. Proactive Participation in International Negotiations within the UN Framework

China adheres to the double-track negotiation mechanism defined in the UNFCCC and the Kyoto Protocol, abides by the principles of signatory leadership, openness and transparency, extensive participation and consensus through consultations, gives active play to the main channel of international climate change negotiations within the UN framework, sticks to the principle of "common but differentiated responsibility," proactively and constructively participates in negotiations, strengthens communication and exchanges with various parties, and promotes consensus among all parties.

In 2007, China proactively and constructively attended the United Nations climate change talks in Bali, Indonesia, and made a substantial contribution to the development of the Bali Road Map. China's three suggestions at the talks -- that the emission-reduction goals of developed countries shall be negotiated and decided before the end of 2009 at the latest, that fund and technology transfer for developing nations be provided as stipulated in the UNFCCC and Kyoto Protocol -- and other advice received extensive acknowledgement, and were finally adopted and included in the road map.

In 2009, China proactively participated in the Copenhagen Climate Change Conference, and played a key role in breaking the negotiation deadlock and promoting consensus among all parties. The Chinese government delivered a statement titled "Implementation of the Bali Road Map -- China's Position at the Copenhagen Climate Change Conference," in which the Chinese government put forward China's principles, goals and position on the conference, including further strengthening the comprehensive, effective and continuous implementation of the UNFCCC and quantifying emission-reduction targets for developed countries for the second commitment period. At the meeting of state leaders, Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao called on all parties to reach a consensus, strengthen cooperation and jointly promote global cooperation to address the climate change problem. During the conference, Premier Wen had intensive consultations with various state leaders, and promoted the adoption of the Copenhagen Accord, making outstanding contributions to the promotion of international talks on climate change.

In 2010, China took an active part in the negotiations and consultations at the Cancun Conference, adhered to the principles of maintaining openness and transparency, extensive participation and consensus through consultations, proposed constructive plans on various issues and made important contributions to help the conference achieve practical results and put the talks back on track. During the negotiations on issues with greater disparity in particular, such as the long-term global goal, the second commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol, the system of "international consultation and analysis" to reduce the burden on developing countries and reach the emission-reduction goals of developed countries, China actively communicated and coordinated with the engaged parties, candidly exchanged in-depth opinions with all parties at all levels, enhanced mutual understanding and converged political impetus. Before the Cancun Conference was summoned, China enhanced exchanges and coordination with developing countries through the "G77 and China" and the "BASIC" (Brazil, South Africa, India and China) mechanisms, and strengthened dialogue with developed countries through various channels for the preparation of the conference. China also maintained close communication and exchanges with the host nation, Mexico, and provided beneficial suggestions and full support. In October 2010, prior to the opening of the Cancun Conference, China hosted a UN climate change meeting in Tianjin, which laid the basis for the Cancun Conference to achieve positive results.

2. Proactive Participation in Relevant International Dialogues and Exchanges

Promoting negotiations with exchanges of high-level visits and important meetings. At the G20 Summit, dialogue meetings of state leaders of the G8 and developing countries, Major Economies Meeting on Energy Safety and Climate Change, APEC meetings and other important multi-lateral diplomatic occasions, Chinese President Hu Jintao made important speeches to promote consensus in the international community to address the climate change issue, and jointly promote global cooperation to address the climate change process. On September 22, 2009, President Hu attended the United Nations Summit on Climate Change, and delivered a speech titled "Join Hands to Address Climate Change," in which he set forth China's goals, position and opinions on addressing climate change, and expressed China's wish for strengthening international cooperation. At the East Asia Summit, EU-China Business Summit, Asia-Europe Meeting and other important international conferences, Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao repeatedly stated China's position and actions adopted on issues including the deepening of international cooperation and exchanges to address climate change and the development of a green economy, calling for further international cooperation on climate change technology and management, and deepening mutual understanding among the involved parties.

Proactively participating in relevant international processes on climate change talks. China took part in the informal ministerial-level consultation meeting held by the host nation of the UN Climate Change Conference, the energy and climate forum of major economy leaders, the ministerial-level dialogue meeting on climate change in Petersburg, the ministerial-level meeting on climate change of small island states, the ministerial-level dialogue meeting of climate technology mechanism, the high-level consultation team meeting on climate change financing of the general secretary of the UN, meetings of the International Civil Aviation Organization, the International Maritime Organization and the Global Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Research Alliance, and many other international consultation and exchanges. China proactively participated in the activities of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and its working groups, and Chinese scientists took part in the drafting of each assessment report.

Strengthening consultation and dialogue with various countries. China is strengthening ministerial-level consultation with the United States, the European Union, Denmark, Japan and other developed countries and regions; and enhancing communication with other developing countries, promoting the establishment of a consultation mechanism among the BASIC countries, and coordinating and promoting the process of climate change talks by adopting the "BASIC plus" framework. It is also beefing up communication with the African countries, the least-developed nations and small island states. China National Panel on Climate Change actively holds academic exchanges and dialogues with relevant think tanks of other nations to promote international cooperation in the scientific research in climate change, technology transfer, public education, information sharing and other areas.

VI. Strengthening International Cooperation

China proactively participates in and promotes practical cooperation with governments, international organizations and institutions based on the principles of "mutual benefit and win-win cooperation, being practical and effective," and is playing a positive and constructive role in promoting cooperation of the global community in addressing climate change. In March 2010, China issued the Interim Measures on the Administration of External Cooperation to Address Climate Change, which further standardized and promoted international cooperation on climate change.

1. Expanding cooperation with international organizations

China strengthens communication and exchanges, resource sharing and practical cooperation with relevant international organizations and institutions, and has signed a series of cooperative research agreements and implemented a batch of research projects on the scientific study, mitigation, adaptation, policies and measures to respond to climate change, including project cooperation with the United Nations Development Program, World Bank and European Investment Bank; carbon capture, utilization and sequestration cooperation with the Asian Development Bank, Carbon Sequestration Leadership Forum and Global Carbon Capture and Sequestration Research Institute; cooperation on the assessment of China' s technological needs with the Global Environment Facility; and cooperation with the Energy Foundation on the greenhouse gas inventory preparation capability, research into related policies and technical road maps, and legislation concerning climate change. China proactively joins relevant international scientific cooperation programs, such as the World Climate Research Program within the framework of the Earth System Science Partnership, International Geosphere-Biosphere Program, International Human Dimensions Program, Intergovernmental Group on Earth Observation Satellites, Global Climate Observation System and other programs, and the results of relevant researches have provided a useful reference to China in formulating its policies to address climate change.

2. Strengthening practical cooperation with developed countries

China has established a dialogue and cooperation mechanism on climate change with the United States, European Union, Italy, Germany, Norway, Britain, France, Australia, Canada, Japan and other countries and regions, and has signed relevant joint communiques, memorandums of understanding and cooperation agreements with climate change as the focus of cooperation. China has promoted cooperation on energy conservation and environmental protection with Japan; carried out joint research on the three prioritized areas of building energy conservation, clean coal/carbon capture and sequestration, and clean energy automobiles with the United States; boosted scientific cooperation on electric vehicles with Germany; and pursued cooperation on the geological sequestration of carbon dioxide with Australia, cooperation on clean energy/carbon capture and sequestration technology with Italy, cooperation on building energy conservation and quality with the European Union, cooperation on green buildings and ecological urban development with Britain, cooperation on the adoption of modern wooden structures to address climate change with Canada, and cooperation on urban and rural sustainable development with Sweden.

3. Deepening practical cooperation with developing countries

China has signed relevant joint communiques, memorandums of understanding and cooperation agreements with South Africa, India, Brazil, Republic of Korea and other countries, established a cooperation mechanism on climate change, strengthened cooperation on meteorological satellite monitoring, new energy development and utilization and other areas, and aided the construction of 200 clean energy and environmental protection projects in developing countries. China is strengthening its cooperation on science and technology, and has implemented 100 China-Africa joint scientific and technical research demonstration projects. It also bolsters agricultural cooperation and aids the construction of agricultural demonstration centers. It has dispatched agricultural technical experts, trained agricultural technical personnel and improved Africa's ability to realize food security. It attaches importance to cooperation in human resource development, and has carried out 85 foreign aid training programs. China held a training session on clean development mechanism and renewable energy resources in Djibouti in December 2008; held a seminar on addressing climate change for officials of developing countries in Beijing in June 2009; opened an advanced seminar on climate and climate change in developing countries for officials and scholars from African nations in Beijing in July the same year; and arranged a total of 19 international seminars addressing climate change and clean energy in 2010, which offered training to 548 officials and professionals of the recipient countries. China has also offered support and assistance to small island states in the South Pacific, the Caribbean and other regions, and aided the construction of over 130 projects in the island countries of the Pacific, providing assistance within its ability to developing countries to improve their capability to mitigate and adapt to climate change.

4. Proactively carrying out cooperation on clean development mechanism projects

In order to promote the orderly implementation of clean development mechanism (CDM) projects, China formulated and promulgated the Measures on the Operation and Management of Clean Development Mechanism Projects in 2005, which was amended in 2010 to increase the efficiency of CDM program development and validation and verification. China vigorously carries out relevant capacity building to improve its capacity to promote CDM project development, and organizes experts to calculate baseline emission factors for power grids each year which are timely published and shared by others. By July 2011, China had approved 3,154 CDM projects, mainly focusing on new energy and renewable energy, energy conservation and the enhancement of energy efficiency, methane recycling and reutilization and other areas. A total of 1,560 Chinese projects have been successfully registered with the United Nations Clean Development Mechanism Executive Board, accounting for 45.67 percent of the world's total registered programs, and their estimated certified emission reduction (CER) has reached an annual issuance volume of 328 million tons of carbon dioxide equivalent, accounting for 63.84 percent of the world's total, providing valuable support for the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol.

VII. Objectives, Policies and Actions during the 12th Five-Year Plan Period

During the 12th Five-Year Plan period, China will take addressing global climate change as an important task in its economic and social development. With scientific development as the theme and accelerating the transformation of the country' s economic development pattern as the main focus, China will foster the concept of green and low-carbon development, and take addressing climate change as an important strategy for its economic and social development as well as an important opportunity for economic restructuring and the transformation of its economic development pattern. It will adhere to the new road of industrialization, rationally control total energy consumption, take various measures such as comprehensively optimizing the industrial structure and energy mix, practicing energy conservation and raising energy efficiency, and increasing the capacity of carbon sinks to , effectively control greenhouse gas emissions, improve the capacity to cope with climate change, conduct extensive international cooperation on climate change, and promote sustainable economic and social development.

1. Main Objectives

Before the Copenhagen Climate Change Conference was held in 2009, the Chinese government had announced the objective of reducing greenhouse gas emissions per-unit GDP by 40-45 percent by 2020 as compared with that in 2005, and had it included as a compulsory indicator in its medium- and long-term program for national economic and social development. In March 2011, the Outline of the 12th Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development of the People' s Republic of China adopted by the National People's Congress stated the following compulsive objectives to address climate change during the 12th Five-Year Plan period: By 2015, carbon dioxide emission per-unit GDP would be reduced by 17 percent and energy consumption per-unit GDP by 16 percent as compared with that in 2010; the proportion of consumption of non-fossil energy to the consumption of primary energy would be increased to 11.4 percent; and the acreage of new forests would increase by 12.5 million ha, with the forest coverage rate raised to 21.66 percent and the forest growing stock increased by 600 million cu m. This fully demonstrates Chinese government' s determination to promote low-carbon development and address climate change.

2. Policies and Actions

Centering on the aforesaid objectives, China will cope with climate change in the following 11 major aspects during the 12th Five-Year Plan period:

First, strengthening the legal system building and strategic planning. In accordance with the requirements set in the Resolution of the Standing Committee of the National People' s Congress on Making Active Responses to Climate Change, China will study and enact special laws in addressing climate change, and revise relevant laws, regulations, rules and standards in line with the requirements of the work on climate change. China will also conduct research in low-carbon development strategy and study of the overall strategy to adapt to climate change, put forward China' s road map for technological development to respond to climate change and control greenhouse gas emission, and compile the National Plan to Address Climate Change (2011-2020) to guide the work in the coming ten years.

Second, accelerating economic restructuring. Through policy readjustment and institutional innovation, China will promote industrial upgrading and optimization, and accelerate the transformation of the economic development pattern. It will limit the excessively rapid expansion of energy-hungry and high-emission industries, accelerate the pace of eliminating backward production capacity, vigorously develop modern services, foster newly emerging industries with strategic significance, and speed up R&D of low-carbon technology and product promotion, with a view to gradually establishing energy, industry, transportation and construction systems featuring low-carbon development..

Third, optimizing energy mix and developing clean energy. China will rationally control its total energy consumption, formulate energy development plans, and define the total consumption control target and the mechanism to share out the tasks and responsibilities. It will accelerate the development of clean coal technology, push forward the production and use of clean coal, promote the rapid growth of natural gas output, speed up the development and utilization of such unconventional oil-gas resources as coal-bed gas and shale gas, safely and efficiently develop nuclear energy, and accelerate the development of renewable water, wind, solar, geothermal and biomass energy in accordance with local conditions.

Fourth, continuing to implement key energy-conservation projects. China will carry out various energy--conservation renovation, including the remodeling of boiler and kiln systems, motor system energy saving, energy system optimization, utilization of residual heat and pressure, economical use and substitution of oil, energy conservation in buildings and green lighting. It will also carry out key energy-conservation projects such as demonstration projects in the industrialization of energy-saving technology, energy-saving product promotion, popularization of energy performance contracting and energy-saving capacity building, promote energy conservation in the key fields and sectors of industry, construction and transport, and endeavor to raise overall energy efficiency.

Fifth, vigorously developing a circular economy. China will continue to coordinate low-carbon development strategies, and other resources- and environment-related policies, support technological R&D, demonstration and popularization, and capacity building for the development of a circular economy, and make efforts to increase the productivity of resources. China will compile an overall national circular economic development plan, intensify demonstration pilot projects, speed up the establishment of an evaluation index and statistical systems that can reflect the development of the circular economy, and make key enterprises, industrial parks and cities ecology friendly through application of recycling technologies and the market mechanism.

Sixth, steadily launching low-carbon pilot projects. China will organize provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities chosen to undertake pilot projects to compile low-carbon development plans, actively explore low-carbon development modes with local characteristics, take the lead in formulating policies, systems and mechanisms conducive to low-carbon development, and speed up the establishment of industrial systems and consumption patterns characterized by low-carbon development. China will also organize low-carbon pilot projects in industrial parks, communities and commerce.

Seventh, gradually establishing a carbon emissions trading market. China will, drawing on the experience of the international carbon emissions trading market while taking into consideration its actual conditions, gradually promote the establishment of a carbon emissions trading market. The country will further reform the price formation mechanism of carbon emissions trading by standardizing voluntary trading in emission reduction and discharge rights, gradually establish trans-provincial and trans-regional emissions trading systems, so as to give full play to the fundamental role of the market mechanism in optimizing the allocation of resources, and realize the objective of controlling greenhouse gas emission at minimum cost.

Eighth, enhancing the capacity of carbon sinks. China will vigorously promote afforestation, continue to carry out ecological protection projects, such as the key shelterbelt construction project in Northwest, Northeast and North China and along the Yangtze River, and projects to return farmland to forest, natural forest conservation project, the program to control sandstorms in the Beijing and Tianjin area, and the comprehensive treatment program of rocky desertification in the karst areas. China will also make extensive efforts to promote afforestation in the urban areas and speed up the building of forest eco-barriers for the cities. At the same time, it will conduct pilot projects in carbon sink afforestation and promote the healthy and orderly development of forest carbon sinks. It will continue to carry out projects such as protective farming and turning grazing area back to grassland, and increase the areas of farmland and grassland carbon sinks.

Ninth, enhancing the capacity of adaptation to climate change. China will attach great importance to capability building in addressing extreme climate events, and enhancing the capacity to respond to climate change in the key fields of farming, forestry, water resources and public health, as well as in the coastal and eco-fragile areas. It will study and formulate policies and measures allowing agriculture and forestry to respond to climate change, and guaranteeing food and ecological safety. It will rationally tap and optimize the allocation of water resources, and strengthen various water-saving policies and measures. It will enhance monitoring and protection of marine and coastal ecosystems, and increase the coastal areas' capacity to resist marine disasters. It will improve the emergency-response system, starting mechanism and multi-disaster early warning mechanism to tackle extreme meteorological disasters.

Tenth, continuously strengthening capacity building. China will establish a basic statistical system for monitoring greenhouse gas emissions, and intensify statistical work on renewable resources, and resource supply and consumption. It will strengthen scientific and technological support, promote independent R&D of key low-carbon technologies, and expand low-carbon technology demonstration and popularization. It will further improve systems and mechanisms conducive to the development of human resources to cope with climate change, and constantly improve their quality. It will also extensively publicizes knowledge necessary to respond to climate change and advocate low-carbon consumption through the mass media.

Eleventh, carrying out all-directional international cooperation on climate change. China will continue to strengthen dialogues and exchanges with developed countries, initiate South-South cooperation on climate change in an all-round way, conduct capacity building and training in response to climate change, carry out technological cooperation programs to adapt to climate change, and organize energy-saving and water-saving activities as well as publicize and give out new-energy products and facilities. It will provide practical support to other developing countries in coping with climate change, and gradually build up a comprehensive system of foreign exchanges and cooperation under the guidance of a general plan, with the support of special funds and a contingent of professionals and with effective coverage of mitigation of and adaptation to climate change, as well as technology transfer and capacity building in addressing climate change.

In 2011, the Chinese government released the Comprehensive Work Plan for Energy Conservation and Emission Reduction during the 12th Five-Year Plan period and the Work Plan for Greenhouse Gas Emission Control during the 12th Five-Year Plan period, making an overall arrangement for energy conservation, emission reduction and greenhouse gas emission control during that period.

VIII. China's Basic Position in International Climate Change Negotiations

China has taken an active part in international climate change negotiations, playing a constructive role. It insists on the double-track negotiation mechanism of the UNFCCC and the Kyoto Protocol and upholds the principle of "common but differentiated responsibilities" in promoting the progress of international climate change negotiations. A UN climate change conference is scheduled for late November to early December, 2011 in the South African city of Durban. China maintains that the Durban climate change conference should put into effect the consensus reached at the 2010 Cancun Climate Change Conference, determine the arrangements of relevant mechanisms, continue with the negotiations on issues left unresolved at the Cancun Conference, and strive for positive results on the basis of consensus already reached.

1. China's Principled Stand in International Climate Change Negotiations

China adheres to the following principled stand in its efforts to promote progress at the Durban climate change conference in accordance with the Bali Road Map:

First, China upholds the basic framework of the UNFCCC and Kyoto Protocol, and strictly follows the Bali Road Map. The UNFCCC and Kyoto Protocol are the basic framework and legal foundation of international cooperation for addressing climate change. They represent the international consensus reached as well as the basis and guide to action in implementing the Bali Road Map. The Bali Road Map requires that the UNFCCC and Kyoto Protocol are comprehensively, effectively and continuously implemented, and the developed countries should undertake to achieve substantial emission reduction targets for the second commitment period under the Kyoto Protocol, and corresponding arrangements are made regarding mitigation of and adaption to climate change, as well as technology transfer and funding in this regard.

Second, China sticks to the principle of "common but differentiated responsibilities." Developed countries should be responsible for their accumulative emissions during their 200-odd years of industrialization, which is the main reason for the current global warming, and they should naturally take the lead in shouldering the historical responsibilities to substantially reduce emissions. With regard to capabilities, developed countries have substantial economic strength and advanced low-carbon technologies, while developing countries lack the financial strength and technologies to address climate change, and face multiple arduous tasks of developing their economies, fighting poverty and addressing climate change. Therefore, developed countries should, on the one hand, take the lead in reducing emissions substantially, and, on the other, provide financial support and transfer technologies to developing countries. The developing countries, while developing their economies and fighting poverty, should actively adopt measures to adapt to and mitigate climate change in accordance with their actual situations.

Third, China holds fast to the principle of sustainable development. The present development should not compromise the development capacity of future generations. Instead, it is necessary to take into overall consideration economic development, poverty alleviation and climate protection within the framework of sustainable development, actively promote green and low-carbon development, and strive for a win-win situation in both socio-economic development and response to climate change.

Fifth, China upholds the principle that the United Nations leads climate change negotiations as well as the decision-making mechanism of reaching unanimity through consultation. China does not object to informal or small-scale consultations on urgent issues outside the negotiations on the UNFCCC and Kyoto Protocol which are conducive to the negotiation progress, but these consultations should be supplements to rather than substitutes for the negotiation process of the UNFCCC and Kyoto Protocol. The principle of "reaching unanimity through consultation" is an important part of the spirit of the UN Charter. It conforms to the general and long-term interests of the United Nations, and plays a significant role in strengthening democracy, authority and legality of decision making. Therefore, it is imperative to uphold the decision-making mechanism of "reaching unanimity through consultation," and raise work efficiency through appropriate means under the premise of guaranteeing an open and transparent negotiation process with wide participation.

2. Prospects of the Durban Conference

China maintains that the Durban climate change conference should yield tangible results in three aspects:

First, clarifying absolute quantities for developed countries' substantial emission reduction in the second commitment period under the Kyoto Protocol. The Kyoto Protocol, the first commitment period of which is due to expire by the end of 2012, is one of the double tracks of Bali Road Map negotiation mechanism. The emission-reduction plan for developed countries in the second commitment period under the Kyoto Protocol should be made clear as soon as possible so as not to leave a space between the two commitment periods under the Kyoto Protocol, as is required by the Cancun Accord. This task, the most urgent at Durban, is vital to the conference's success.

Second, defining the emission reduction commitment under the UNFCCC for developed countries outside the protocol, which should be comparable with that of developed countries inside the protocol. Since developed countries inside the Kyoto Protocol have assumed their shares of emission reduction, developed countries out-side the protocol should also assume comparable emission reduction commitments under the UNFCCC, in accordance with the Bali Road Map. The commitment should be comparable in terms of the nature and scope of emission reduction, and the compliance mechanism. In such circumstances, developing countries should also actively reduce their emissions within the framework of sustainable development with funds and technological support from developed countries. Many developing countries have put forward their climate change mitigation plans by 2020. In accordance with the principle of "common but differentiated responsibilities," after developed countries assume their law-binding emission reduction targets under the UNFCCC and the second commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol, developing countries' similar targets should also be clarified in the form of law, and their efforts for emission reduction should also be recognized.

Third, specifying mechanisms and arrangements for adaptation, funding, technological transfer and capacity building, as well as measures to make the differences of emission reduction responsibilities transparent, measurable, reportable and verifiable between developed and developing countries. Most developing countries have taken active measures within their capacity to cope with climate change, and made important contributions. However, the international community still needs to provide effective support in a funds and technological transfer to developing countries. The latter will not be able to effectively carry out actions to mitigate and adapt to climate change without an effective mechanism, new, additional and abundant funds or technological transfer. The Cancun Accord specified the "measurable, reportable and verifiable" mechanisms and the principle of transparency. China maintains that specific arrangements should be made at the Durban conference regarding developed countries' emission reduction commitments, their support to developing countries in funds, technological transfer and capacity building, various "measurable, reportable and verifiable" responsibilities between developing and developed countries, as well as "international negotiation and analysis" of developing countries' voluntary climate change mitigation. The arrangements should also fully embody the principle of "common but differentiated responsibilities" between developing and developed countries.

Concluding Remarks

China is clearly aware of the challenges brought about by climate change while advancing its modernization and urbanization. As a responsible and major developing country, China will take into account its basic national conditions and development stage, unswervingly ad-here to the path of sustainable development, and make greater contributions to the cause of addressing global climate change.

China will continue to promote international negotiations on climate change, take an active part in UN climate change conferences, and support the coming Durban climate change conference to achieve comprehensive and balanced results in implementing the Bali Road Map, and make reasonable, fair and effective arrangements for the full, effective and continuous implementation of the UNFCCC and Kyoto Protocol. China is willing to work with the international community to ensure the success of the Durban conference.

《中国应对气候变化的政策与行动（2011）》

 (2011年11月)

中华人民共和国国务院新闻办公室

    
    目录

    前言

    一、减缓气候变化

    二、适应气候变化

    三、基础能力建设

    四、全社会参与

    五、参与国际谈判

    六、加强国际合作

    七、“十二五”时期的目标任务和政策行动

    八、中国参与气候变化国际谈判的基本立场

    结束语

    
    前言

    气候变化是国际社会普遍关注的全球性问题。近年来，全球酷暑、干旱、洪涝等极端气候事件频发，气候变化影响日益显现。各国携手应对气候变化，共同推进绿色、低碳发展已成为当今世界的主流。

    中国是全球最大的发展中国家，人口众多，能源资源匮乏，气候条件复杂，生态环境脆弱，尚未完成工业化和城镇化的历史任务，发展很不平衡。2010年人均国内生产总值刚刚超过2.9万元人民币，按照联合国的贫困标准，还有上亿贫困人口，发展经济、消除贫困、改善民生的任务十分艰巨。同时，中国是最易受气候变化不利影响的国家之一，全球气候变化已对中国经济社会发展产生诸多不利影响，成为可持续发展的重大挑战。

    中国政府一贯高度重视气候变化问题，把积极应对气候变化作为关系经济社会发展全局的重大议题，纳入经济社会发展中长期规划。2006年，中国提出了2010年单位国内生产总值能耗比2005年下降20％左右的约束性指标，2007年在发展中国家中第一个制定并实施了应对气候变化国家方案，2009年确定了到2020年单位国内生产总值温室气体排放比2005年下降40％—45％的行动目标。

    为完成上述目标任务，中国在“十一五”期间(2006—2010年)采取了一系列减缓和适应气候变化的重大政策措施，取得了显著成效。2011年制定实施的《中华人民共和国国民经济和社会发展第十二个五年规划纲要》确立了今后5年绿色、低碳发展的政策导向，明确了应对气候变化的目标任务。在气候变化国际谈判中，中国一直发挥着积极建设性作用，努力推动谈判进程，为应对全球气候变化作出了重要贡献。为使国际社会充分了解中国“十一五”期间应对气候变化采取的政策与行动、取得的积极成效以及“十二五”期间应对气候变化的总体部署及有关谈判立场，特发表本白皮书。

 一、减缓气候变化

    “十一五”期间，中国加快转变经济发展方式，通过调整产业结构和能源结构、节约能源提高能效、增加碳汇等多种途径控制温室气体排放，取得了显著成效。

    (一)优化产业结构

    改造提升传统产业。制定和发布汽车、钢铁等十大重点产业调整和振兴规划，修订《产业结构调整指导目录》，出台《关于抑制部分行业产能过剩和重复建设引导产业健康发展的若干意见》。提高高耗能行业准入门槛，对固定资产投资项目进行节能评估和审查，加强传统产业的技术改造和升级，促进企业兼并重组，调整出口退税政策，对煤炭、部分有色金属、钢坯和化肥等产品征收出口关税，抑制高耗能、高排放和资源性产品出口。加快淘汰落后产能。通过“上大压小”，累计关停小火电机组7682万千瓦，淘汰落后炼钢产能7200万吨、炼铁产能1.2亿吨、水泥产能3.7亿吨、焦炭产能1.07亿吨、造纸产能1130万吨、玻璃产能4500万重量箱。电力行业30万千瓦以上火电机组占火电装机容量比重由2005年的47％上升到2010年的71％，钢铁行业1000立方米以上大型高炉炼铁产能比重由48％上升到61％，电解铝行业大型预焙槽产量比重由80％提升到90％以上。钢铁、水泥、有色、机械、汽车等重点行业的集中度明显提高，重点行业能耗水平显著降低。2005年到2010年，火电供电煤耗由370克／千瓦时降到333克／千瓦时，下降10％；吨钢综合能耗由694千克标准煤降到605千克标准煤，下降12.8％；水泥综合能耗下降24.6％；乙烯综合能耗下降11.6％；合成氨综合能耗下降14.3％。

    培育和壮大战略性新兴产业。制定并发布《关于加快培育和发展战略性新兴产业的决定》，明确了培育发展战略性新兴产业的总体思路、重点任务和政策措施。选择战略性新兴产业重点领域，实施了若干重大工程，建设了一批重大项目。加快建设国家创新体系，实施知识创新工程和技术创新工程，加强重大技术攻关。启动新兴产业创投计划，发起设立了20只创业投资基金，支持节能环保、新能源等战略性新兴产业领域的创新企业成长。2010年中国高技术制造业的产值达到7.6万亿元人民币，位居世界第二，比2005年增长了一倍多。

    加快发展服务业。制定实施《关于加快发展服务业的若干意见》、《关于加快发展服务业若干政策措施的实施意见》等重要文件，大力推动生产性服务业和生活性服务业的发展。出台《加快发展高技术服务业的指导意见》。2005年至2010年，中国服务业增加值年均增长11.9％，比国内生产总值年均增速高0.7个百分点，服务业增加值占国内生产总值比重由40.3％提高到43％。

    (二)节约能源

    加强目标责任考核。分解落实节能目标责任，建立了统计监测考核体系，对全国31个省级政府和千家重点企业节能目标完成情况和节能措施落实情况进行定期评价考核。2010年，全国18个重点地区开展节能减排专项督查，进行严格的目标责任考核和问责，促进了全国节能目标的实现。

    推动重点领域节能。实施工业锅炉(窑炉)改造、热电联产、电机系统节能、余热余压利用等十大重点节能工程，开展千家企业节能行动，加强重点耗能企业节能管理，推动能源审计和能效对标活动。开展“车、船、路、港”千家企业低碳交通运输专项行动，大力发展城市公共交通。提高新建建筑强制性节能标准执行率，加快既有建筑节能改造，推动可再生能源在建筑中的应用，对政府机构办公用房进行节能改造。截至2010年底，全国城镇新建建筑设计阶段执行节能强制性标准的比例为99.5％，施工阶段执行节能强制性标准的比例为95.4％。“十一五”期间，累计建成节能建筑面积48.57亿平方米，共形成4600万吨标准煤的节能能力。开展零售业节能行动，限制生产、销售、使用塑料购物袋，抑制商品过度包装。

    推广节能技术与节能产品。发布三批共115项国家重点节能技术推广目录，在钢铁、建材、化工等行业重点推广7项节能技术。实施节能产品惠民工程，通过财政补贴推广高效照明产品、高效空调、节能电机等节能产品，通过中央财政补贴支持推广了3.6亿只高效照明产品、3000万台高效节能空调、100万辆节能汽车，实现年节能能力200亿千瓦时。开展节能与新能源汽车示范推广工作，率先在公共服务领域推广使用混合动力、纯电动和燃料电池汽车。建立节能产品优先采购制度，制定了节能产品政府采购清单，对空调、计算机、照明等9类节能产品实行强制采购。“十一五”期间，纯低温余热发电、新型阴极铝电解槽、高压变频、稀土永磁电机、等离子无油点火等一大批高效节能技术得到普遍应用，高效照明产品市场占有率达67％，高效节能空调市场占有率达70％。

    发展循环经济。开展国家“城市矿产”示范基地建设，推进重点城市报废机电设备、废旧家电、废塑料、废橡胶等废弃资源的规模利用、循环利用和高值利用。积极推进大宗工业固体废弃物综合利用，“十一五”期间，综合利用粉煤灰约10亿吨、煤矸石约11亿吨、冶炼渣约5亿吨。安排中央投资支持再制造产业化项目建设，截至2010年底，中国已形成汽车发动机、变速箱、转向机、发电机共25万台(套)的再制造能力。

    推行节能市场机制。积极利用合同能源管理、电力需求侧管理、节能自愿协议等市场机制推动节能。2010年颁布了《关于加快推行合同能源管理促进节能服务产业发展的意见》，加大资金支持力度，实行税收扶持政策，完善相关会计制度，改善金融服务，加强对节能服务产业的支持。2005年到2010年，节能服务公司数量由80多家增加到800多家，从业人员由1.6万人增加到18万人，节能服务产业规模由47亿元人民币增加到840亿元人民币，形成的年节能能力由60多万吨标准煤增加到1300多万吨标准煤。

    完善相关标准。完善严寒和寒冷、夏热冬冷和夏热冬暖三个不同气候区居住建筑节能工程设计标准、公共建筑节能设计标准和建筑节能工程施工质量验收规范，发布27项高耗能产品能耗限额强制性国家标准、19项主要终端用能产品强制性国家能效标准，制定15项主要污染物排放国家标准，颁布71项环境标志标准，出台实行能源效率标识的产品目录。

    实行激励政策。加快推进能源价格形成机制改革，实施成品油税费改革，对高耗能行业实施差别电价，对超能耗产品实行惩罚性电价，推动供热计量收费。设立节能减排专项资金，“十一五”期间中央财政累计投入2250亿元人民币，重点支持节能技术改造和节能产品推广，形成节能能力3.4亿吨标准煤。稳妥推进资源税制改革，不断完善出口退税制度，调整车辆购置税政策，改革车船税，出台了节能节水、资源综合利用等方面的税收优惠政策。对高效、节能、低碳产品实施进口税收优惠政策。

    经过各方努力，中国完成了“十一五”规划提出的节能目标，2010年单位国内生产总值能耗比2005年累计下降19.1％，相当于少排放二氧化碳14.6亿吨以上。“十一五”期间中国以能源消费年均6.6％的增长支撑了国民经济年均11.2％的增速，能源消费弹性系数由“十五”时期(2001—2005年)的1.04下降到0.59，缓解了能源供需矛盾。

    (三)发展低碳能源

    加快发展天然气等清洁能源。大力开发天然气，推进煤层气、页岩气等非常规油气资源开发利用，出台财政补贴、税收优惠、发电上网、电价补贴等政策，制定实施煤矿瓦斯治理和利用总体方案，大力推进煤炭清洁化利用，引导和鼓励煤矿瓦斯利用和地面煤层气开发。天然气产量由2005年的493亿立方米增加到2010年的948亿立方米，年均增长14％，天然气在中国能源消费结构中所占比重达到4.3％。煤层气累计抽采量305.5亿立方米，利用量114.5亿立方米，相当于减排二氧化碳1.7亿吨。

    积极开发利用非化石能源。通过国家政策引导和资金投入，加强了水能、核能等低碳能源开发利用。截至2010年底，水电装机容量达到2.13亿千瓦，比2005年翻了一番；核电装机容量1082万千瓦，在建规模达到3097万千瓦。支持风电、太阳能、地热、生物质能等新型可再生能源发展。完善风力发电上网电价政策。实施“金太阳示范工程”，推行大型光伏电站特许权招标。完善农林生物质发电价格政策，加大对生物质能开发的财政支持力度，加强农村沼气建设。2010年，风电装机容量从2005年的126万千瓦增长到3107万千瓦，光伏发电装机规模由2005年的不到10万千瓦增加到60万千瓦，太阳能热水器安装使用总量达到1.68亿平方米，生物质发电装机约500万千瓦，沼气年利用量约140亿立方米，全国户用沼气达到4000万户左右，生物燃料乙醇利用量180万吨，各类生物质能源总贡献量合计约1500万吨标准煤。

    (四)控制非能源活动温室气体排放

    强化对工业生产过程、农业活动、废弃物处理等领域的温室气体排放控制。应用电石渣替代石灰石生产水泥熟料等原料替代技术、高炉渣和粉煤灰等作为添加混合材料生产水泥等工艺过程，采用二级处理法和三级处理法处理硝酸生产过程的氧化亚氮排放、催化分解和热氧化分解处理己二酸生产过程的氧化亚氮排放、热氧化法对HFC-23进行捕获和清除等。加快畜牧业生产方式转变，减少农田种植和畜禽养殖中甲烷和氧化亚氮排放。启动实施土壤有机质提升补贴项目，累计推广秸秆还田、绿肥种植、增施有机肥等技术措施面积近3000万亩。完善城市废弃物标准，实施生活垃圾处理收费制度，推广利用先进的垃圾焚烧技术，制定促进填埋气体回收利用的激励政策。积极开展碳捕集、利用和封存技术研究与示范。据初步统计，截至2010年底，中国工业生产过程的氧化亚氮排放基本稳定在2005年的水平上，甲烷排放增长速度得到一定控制。

    (五)增加碳汇

    增加森林碳汇。继续实施“三北”重点防护林工程、长江中下游地区重点防护林工程、退耕还林工程、天然林保护工程、京津风沙源治理工程等生态建设项目，开展碳汇造林试点，加强林业经营及可持续管理，提高森林蓄积量，中央财政提高了造林投入补助标准，每亩补助由100元人民币提高到200元人民币，建立了中国绿色碳汇基金会。目前，中国人工林保存面积6200万公顷，全国森林面积达到1.95亿公顷，森林覆盖率由2005年的18.21％提高到2010年的20.36％，森林蓄积量达到137.21亿立方米，全国森林植被碳储量达78.11亿吨。

    提高农田和草地碳汇。在草原牧区落实草畜平衡和禁牧、休牧、划区轮牧等草原保护制度，控制草原载畜量，遏止草原退化。扩大退牧还草工程实施范围，加强人工饲草地和灌溉草场的建设。加强草原灾害防治，提高草原覆盖度，增加草原碳汇。到2010年，全国保护性耕作技术实施面积6475万亩，机械化免耕播种面积1.67亿亩，秸秆机械化粉碎还田面积4.28亿亩。

    (六)地方积极推进低碳发展

    推进低碳省区和低碳城市试点工作。2010年启动国家低碳省区和低碳城市试点工作，并选择广东、湖北、辽宁、陕西、云南等5省和天津、重庆、杭州、厦门、深圳、贵阳、南昌、保定等8市作为首批试点。目前，各试点省区和城市均成立了低碳试点工作领导小组，编制了低碳试点工作实施方案，提出了本地区“十二五”时期和2020年碳强度下降目标，并在经济发展中积极转变发展方式，部署重点行动，推进建设低碳发展重点工程，大力发展低碳产业，推进绿色、低碳发展。

    各地积极探索低碳发展经验。北京市围绕建设“人文北京、科技北京、绿色北京”，加快发展绿色经济、低碳经济和循环经济，大力发展战略性新兴产业和现代服务业，加快现有建筑、交通体系低碳化改造，倡导低碳消费和低碳生活方式。上海市加快推进能源结构优化，在虹桥商务区、崇明岛等地区推进低碳发展实践区试点，在世博园规划、建设、运营各环节全面落实低碳发展理念，开展“低碳世博自愿减排行动”。江苏省确定了4个城市、10个园区和10家企业开展低碳经济试点工作。

 二、适应气候变化

    “十一五”期间，中国加强气候变化科学研究和影响评估，完善法规政策，提高重点领域适应气候变化的能力，减轻了气候变化对经济社会发展和人民生活的不利影响。

    (一)农业领域

    加强农田水利等基础设施建设，提升农业综合生产能力，推动大规模旱涝保收标准农田建设，开展大型灌区续建配套与大型灌溉排水泵站更新改造，扩大农业灌溉面积、提高灌溉效率，推广农田节水技术，开展农业水价综合改革暨末级渠系节水改造试点工作，提高灾害应对能力。建立和完善农业气象监测与预警系统。研究培育产量高、品质优良的抗旱、抗涝、抗高温、抗病虫害等抗逆品种，扩大良种种植面积，进一步加大农作物良种补贴力度，加快推进良种培育、繁殖、推广一体化进程。目前，全国主要农作物良种覆盖率达到95％以上，良种对粮食增产贡献率达到40％左右。

    (二)水资源领域

    编制全国水资源综合规划、七大江河流域防洪规划、全国山洪灾害防治规划、全国城市饮用水水源地安全保障规划、全国主要河湖水生态保护规划等专项规划。加强流域管理和水资源调度工作，组织实施引黄济津、引黄济冀、引江济太等应急调水，并实施了黑河、塔里木河生态补水。加快实行最严格水资源管理制度，完善水资源开发、利用、节约、保护政策体系。开工建设一批流域性防洪重点工程，加快骨干水利枢纽和重点水源工程建设。加大水土流失治理力度，完成水土保持综合治理面积23万平方公里。完成规划内的全国大中型和重点小型病险水库除险加固任务。增加农村饮水安全投入，解决了2.1亿农村人口的饮水安全问题，提前6年实现了联合国千年发展的相关目标。

    (三)海洋领域

    加强海洋气候观测网络建设。通过开展海洋观测系统的建设，初步形成对全国近海和部分大洋的海洋关键气候要素的观测能力，初步构建典型海洋生态敏感区监测体系，有效提高了海—气二氧化碳交换通量监测体系能力水平。全面启动全国和沿海省级海洋功能区划修编工作，开展了海域海岸带和重点海岛整治修复工作。积极开展红树林栽培移种、珊瑚礁移植保护、滨海湿地退养还滩等海洋生态恢复示范工程。开展风暴潮、海浪、海啸和海冰等海洋灾害的观测预警工作，有效降低了各类海洋灾害造成的人员伤亡和财产损失。开展海平面上升、海岸侵蚀、海水入侵和土壤盐渍化监测、调查和评估工作，对沿海94个验潮站的基准潮位进行了重新核定。开展中国近海海洋综合调查与评价工作，系统梳理中国海洋灾害时空分布特征。发布年度中国海洋环境状况公报、中国海平面公报和中国海洋灾害公报，为有效应对和防御各类海洋灾害提供支撑。

    (四)卫生健康领域

    印发《全国自然灾害卫生应急预案(试行)》，明确了水旱灾害、气象灾害、生物灾害等自然灾害卫生应急工作的目标和原则，确立自然灾害卫生应急工作体制、响应级别和响应措施，制定了不同灾种自然灾害卫生应急工作方案。制定《高温中暑事件卫生应急预案(试行)》和《国家环境与健康行动计划(2007—2015)》。组织开展饮用水卫生、空气污染健康影响、气候因素相关传染病监测及气候变化对媒传寄生虫病、介水传染病影响等研究，开展气候变化对环境相关疾病的影响机制研究，为研究制定适应气候变化的政策和措施提供技术支持。

    (五)气象领域

    气象部门发布实施《天气研究计划(2009—2014年)》、《气候研究计划(2009—2014年)》、《应用气象研究计划(2009—2014年)》、《综合气象观测研究计划(2009—2014年)》，印发《中国气候观测系统实施方案》，促进了中国气候变化监测、预估、评估工作。建立中国第一代短期气候预测模式系统，研发新一代全球气候系统模式，开展气候变化对国家粮食安全、水安全、生态安全、人体健康安全等多方面的影响评估工作。

 三、基础能力建设

    “十一五”期间，中国健全相关法律法规体系，完善应对气候变化管理体制和工作机制，加强统计核算研究及制度建设，提高科技和政策研究水平，加强气候变化教育培训，能力建设进一步加强。

    (一)制定相关法规和重大政策文件

    完善相关法律法规。制定或修订《可再生能源法》、《循环经济促进法》、《节约能源法》、《清洁生产促进法》、《水土保持法》、《海岛保护法》等相关法律，颁布《民用建筑节能条例》、《公共机构节能条例》、《抗旱条例》，出台《固定资产投资节能评估和审查暂行办法》、《高耗能特种设备节能监督管理办法》、《中央企业节能减排监督管理暂行办法》等规章。开展了应对气候变化立法前期研究工作。

    制定并实施《中国应对气候变化国家方案》。明确应对气候变化的指导思想、主要领域和重点任务。根据方案要求，全国31个省(自治区、直辖市)均已编制完成了地方应对气候变化方案，并已全面进入组织落实阶段，应对气候变化工作已逐步纳入到各地经济社会发展的总体布局，提上了地方各级政府重要议事日程。相关部门相继出台了海洋、气象、环保等领域的相关行动计划和工作方案。

    出台一系列重大政策性文件。发布《可再生能源中长期发展规划》、《核电中长期发展规划》、《可再生能源发展“十一五”规划》、《关于加强节能工作的决定》、《关于加快发展循环经济的若干意见》等重要文件。2007年发布的《“十一五”节能减排综合性工作方案》明确了节能减排的具体目标、重点领域及政策措施，对“十一五”时期开展节能减排工作发挥了重要作用。

    (二)完善管理体制和工作机制

    建立并完善国家应对气候变化领导小组统一领导、国家发展和改革委员会归口管理、各有关部门分工负责、各地方各行业广泛参与的应对气候变化管理体制和工作机制。2007年，中国成立了国家应对气候变化领导小组，国务院总理任组长，相关20个部门的部长为成员。国家发展和改革委员会承担领导小组的具体工作，并于2008年设置应对气候变化司，负责统筹协调和归口管理应对气候变化工作。中国政府有关部门相继建立了应对气候变化职能机构和工作机制，负责组织开展本领域应对气候变化工作。2010年，在国家应对气候变化领导小组框架内设立协调联络办公室，加强了部门间协调配合；调整充实国家气候变化专家委员会，提高了应对气候变化决策的科学性。中国各省(自治区、直辖市)都建立了应对气候变化工作领导小组和专门工作机构，一些副省级城市和地级市也建立了应对气候变化相关工作机构。国务院有关部门相继成立了国家应对气候变化战略研究和国际合作中心、应对气候变化研究中心等工作支持机构，一些高等院校、科研院所成立了气候变化研究机构。

    (三)加强统计核算能力建设

    完善能源等相关统计制度。印发《节能减排统计监测及考核实施方案和办法》，进一步完善能耗核算制度，新建了10项能源统计制度，基本涵盖了全社会各领域能源消费。各地方完善能源统计机构设置和人员配备，加强能源统计工作。各省(自治区、直辖市)均成立了能源统计机构，重点用能单位也加强了能源统计和计量工作。建立重点用能单位能源利用状况报告制度，规范重点用能单位能源利用状况报告报送工作。制定林业碳汇计量监测技术指南，推进了林业碳汇计量监测体系建设。

    加强温室气体排放核算。继2004年向《联合国气候变化框架公约》（简称《公约》）缔约方大会提交《中华人民共和国气候变化初始国家信息通报》后，组织编制中国2005年温室气体排放清单和第二次国家信息通报。建立中国温室气体清单数据库，发布《省级温室气体排放清单编制指南(试行)》，启动省级温室气体清单编制工作，开展一系列培训活动。

    (四)增强科技和政策研究支撑能力

    加强基础研究。组织编制第一次、第二次《气候变化国家评估报告》。开展气候变化与环境质量关系、温室气体与污染物协同控制、气候变化与水循环机理、气候变化与林业响应对策等研究。建立未来气候变化趋势数据集，发布亚洲地区气候变化预估数据集。组建了若干个海—气相互作用与气候变化专门实验室，开展了大量基础研究工作。

    推进气候友好技术研发。在国家高技术研究发展计划(“863”计划)和科技支撑计划中开展能源清洁高效利用技术、重点行业工业节能技术与装备开发、建筑节能关键技术与材料开发、重点行业清洁生产关键技术与装备开发和低碳经济产业发展模式及关键技术集成应用等节能技术研发，取得了一批具有自主知识产权的发明专利和重大成果。推动可再生能源和新能源开发利用技术、智能电网关键技术等领域的技术研发。开展温室气体提高石油采收率的资源化利用及地下埋存、咸水层封存能力评价及安全性、新型高效吸附材料的制备筛选等研发工作。在“十一五”科技支撑计划中部署气候变化影响与适应的关键技术研究、典型脆弱区域气候变化适应技术示范等项目专题，在碳排放监测方面组织开展嗅碳卫星研究。通过“863”计划和支撑计划，设立了主要农林生态系统固碳减排技术研究与示范、林业生态建设关键技术研究与示范、农业重大气候灾害监测预警与调控技术研究等项目。实施国家科技支撑计划项目《重点行业节能减排技术评估与应用研究》。2010年国家工程研究(技术)中心、国家工程实验室分别达到288个和91个。

    加强气候变化战略和政策研究。围绕“十二五”应对气候变化重点任务，研究应对气候变化的长远战略，开展中国低碳发展战略、全国适应气候变化总体战略、碳排放交易机制、国内外应对气候变化相关法律法规等研究。启动中国应对气候变化科技专项行动，总投入经费约1.1亿人民币，开展中国绿色发展的重大战略及技术问题等相关研究。

    (五)加强教育培训

    将气候变化内容逐步纳入国家教育体系。中、高等院校加强环境和气候变化教育，陆续建立环境和气候变化相关专业，加强气候变化教育科研基地建设，为培养气候变化领域专业人才发挥了积极作用。

    加强对领导干部气候变化知识的培训。通过举办集体学习、讲座、报告会等形式，有效提高各级领导干部气候变化意识和科学管理水平。中央政府有关部门举办了气候变化、可持续发展和环境管理培训班、应对气候变化省级决策者能力建设培训班、地方政府官员清洁发展机制管理能力建设培训班、适应气候变化能力建设培训研讨班、省级温室气体清单编制能力建设培训班等。地方政府也积极开展了气候变化相关培训。

 四、全社会参与

    中国积极宣传应对气候变化科学知识，提高公众的低碳发展意识，注重发挥民间组织、媒体等各方面的积极性，采取多种渠道和手段引导全民积极参与应对气候变化行动。

    (一)政府积极引导

    从2008年开始，每年编写出版《中国应对气候变化的政策与行动》年度报告，全面介绍中国在应对气候变化领域的政策与进展。组织开展“节能宣传周”系列活动，普及节能减排与气候变化知识。利用世界环境日、世界气象日、世界地球日、世界海洋日、世界无车日、全国防灾减灾日、全国科普日等主题日，积极开展气候变化科普宣传。北京、天津、贵阳等一些地方政府通过举办气候变化、节能环保等领域的大型国际研讨会、论坛和展览等活动，加强与世界各国在低碳发展方面的经验交流，增强公众应对气候变化和节能低碳的意识。充分发挥报纸、广播、电视、杂志等传统媒体和互联网、手机等新媒体的作用，加强应对气候变化和节能低碳的宣传教育。

    (二)民间组织积极行动

    中国国土经济学会开展低碳国土实验区创建活动，中华环保联合会和中国旅游协会在48家旅游景区开展首批全国低碳旅游试验区试点，中国钢铁工业协会与全国总工会组织开展全国重点大型耗能钢铁生产设备节能降耗对标竞赛活动。中国节能协会等举办气候变化与低碳经济发展媒体高层论坛。中国煤炭协会、中国有色金属工业协会、中国石油和化学工业协会、中国建筑材料联合会、中国电力企业联合会等在行业节能规划、节能标准的制定和实施、节能技术推广、能源消费统计、节能宣传培训和信息咨询等方面发挥了重要作用。一些民间公益组织也积极开展宣传教育活动，提高了公众应对气候变化意识。

    (三)新闻媒体大力宣传

    中国媒体不断加大应对气候变化与节能低碳宣传报道力度。编写并出版了一系列气候变化与气象灾害防御的科普宣传画册，制作了《面对气候变化》、《变暖的地球》、《关注气候变化》、《环球同此凉热》等影视片，及时跟踪报道全球应对气候变化的热点新闻，积极介绍中国应对气候变化的政策、行动和进展，倡导低碳生活理念，增进社会各界对气候变化的了解和认识，展示中国在应对气候变化方面付出的努力和取得的成就。

    (四)公众广泛参与

    中国公众以实际行动积极应对气候变化，广泛参与自备购物袋、双面使用纸张、控制空调温度、不使用一次性筷子、购买节能产品、低碳出行、低碳饮食、低碳居住等节能低碳活动，从日常生活衣、食、住、行、用等细微之处，实践低碳生活消费方式。各地公众积极参与“地球一小时”倡议，在每年3月最后一个星期六晚熄灯一小时，共同表达保护全球气候的意愿。开展千名青年环境友好使者行动等活动，在机关、学校、社区、军营、企业、公园和广场等宣讲环保理念，倡导低碳生活，践行绿色消费。在全国一些大中城市，低碳生活成为时尚，人们开始追求简约、低碳的生活方式。上海、重庆、天津等城市开展“酷中国——全民低碳行动”，进行家庭碳排放调查和分析。哈尔滨等城市开展了节能减排社区行动，动员社区内的家庭、学校、商服、机关参与节能减排。中国各地的大、中、小学积极宣传低碳生活、保护环境，一些高校提出建设“绿色大学”等目标，得到广泛响应。

 五、参与国际谈判

    中国政府高度重视全球气候变化问题，以高度负责任的态度，积极建设性参与应对气候变化国际谈判，加强与各国在气候变化领域的多层次磋商和对话，努力推动各方就气候变化问题凝聚共识，为推动建立公平合理的应对气候变化国际制度作出了积极贡献。

    (一)积极参加联合国进程下的国际谈判

    中国坚持《联合国气候变化框架公约》和《京都议定书》（简称《议定书》）双轨谈判机制，坚持缔约方主导、公开透明、广泛参与和协商一致的规则，积极发挥联合国框架下的气候变化国际谈判的主渠道作用，坚持“共同但有区别的责任”原则，积极建设性参与谈判，加强与各方沟通交流，促进各方凝聚共识。

    2007年，中国积极建设性参加了印尼巴厘岛联合国气候变化谈判会议，为巴厘路线图的形成作出了实质性贡献。中国在此次大会上提出的三项建议，包括最晚于2009年底谈判确定发达国家2012年后的减排指标、切实将《公约》和《议定书》中向发展中国家提供资金和技术转让的规定落到实处等，得到了与会各方的认可，并最终被采纳到该路线图中。

    2009年，中国积极参加哥本哈根会议谈判，为打破谈判僵局、推动各方形成共识发挥了关键性作用。中国政府公布《落实巴厘路线图——中国政府关于哥本哈根气候变化会议的立场》，提出了中国关于哥本哈根会议的原则、目标，就进一步加强《公约》的全面、有效和持续实施，以及发达国家在《议定书》第二承诺期进一步量化减排指标等方面阐明了立场。在出席领导人会议时，中国国务院总理温家宝呼吁各方凝聚共识、加强合作，共同推进全球合作应对气候变化进程。会议期间，温家宝总理与各国领导人展开密集磋商，推动形成了《哥本哈根协议》，为推动气候变化国际谈判进程作出了突出贡献。

    2010年，中国全面参与墨西哥坎昆会议谈判与磋商，坚持维护谈判进程的公开透明、广泛参与和协商一致，就各个谈判议题提出建设性方案，为坎昆会议取得务实成果、谈判重回正轨作出了重要贡献。特别是在关于全球长期目标、《京都议定书》第二承诺期、发展中国家减缓行动的“国际磋商与分析”以及发达国家减排承诺等分歧较大的问题的谈判中，积极与各方沟通协调，从各个层面与各方坦诚、深入交换看法，增进相互理解，凝聚政治推动力。利用“77国集团+中国”和“基础四国”等机制加强与广大发展中国家的沟通协调，利用各种渠道加强与发达国家的对话，为开好坎昆会议做了有效铺垫。中国还与会议东道国墨西哥密切沟通，提供了有益建议和全面支持。2010年10月，在坎昆会议召开前，中国在天津承办了一次联合国气候变化谈判会议，为推动坎昆会议取得积极成果奠定了基础。

    (二)积极参与相关国际对话与交流

    利用高层互访和重要会议推动谈判进程。中国国家主席胡锦涛在出席二十国集团峰会、八国集团同发展中国家领导人对话会议、主要经济体能源安全和气候变化领导人会议、亚太经合组织等重大多边外交活动中，多次发表重要讲话，努力促进国际社会在应对气候变化方面凝聚共识，共同推进全球合作应对气候变化进程。2009年9月22日，胡锦涛主席出席联合国气候变化峰会，发表了题为《携手应对气候变化》的讲话，阐明中国应对气候变化目标、立场和主张，并表达了加强国际合作的意愿。中国国务院总理温家宝在东亚峰会、中欧工商峰会、亚欧峰会等重要国际会议中，多次就深化应对气候变化国际交流和合作、发展绿色经济等问题阐述中国的立场和采取的行动，呼吁加强气候变化技术和管理方面的国际合作，加深各方对彼此立场的理解。

    积极参与气候变化谈判相关国际进程。参与联合国气候变化大会东道国举办的部长级非正式磋商会议、“经济大国能源与气候论坛”领导人代表会议、彼得斯堡气候变化部长级对话会、小岛国气候变化部长级会议、气候技术机制部长级对话会、联合国秘书长气候变化融资高级别咨询小组会议和国际民航、国际海事组织会议及全球农业温室气体研究联盟等系列国际磋商和交流活动。中国积极参与政府间气候变化专门委员会及其工作小组的活动，中国科学家参与了历次评估报告的编写。

    加强与各国磋商与对话。加强与美国、欧盟、丹麦、日本等发达国家和地区的部长级磋商。加强与其他发展中国家的沟通，推动建立“基础四国”协商机制，并采取“基础四国+”的方式，协调推动气候变化谈判进程。加强与非洲国家、最不发达国家、小岛屿国家的沟通。中国国家气候变化专家委员会积极开展与其他国家相关智库的学术交流对话，推动气候变化科学研究、技术转让、公众教育和信息共享等方面的国际合作。

  六、加强国际合作

    中国本着“互利共赢，务实有效”的原则积极参加和推动与各国政府、国际组织、国际机构的务实合作，为促进国际社会合作应对气候变化发挥着积极的建设性作用。2010年3月，中国颁布《应对气候变化领域对外合作管理暂行办法》，进一步规范和促进了气候变化国际合作。

    (一)拓展与国际组织合作

    加强与相关国际组织和机构的信息沟通、资源共享和务实合作，签署了一系列合作研究协议，实施了一批研究项目，内容涉及气候变化的科学问题、减缓和适应、应对政策和措施等，主要包括：与联合国开发计划署、世界银行、欧洲投资银行开展项目合作，与亚洲开发银行、碳收集领导人论坛、全球碳捕集和封存研究院开展碳捕集、利用和封存领域相关合作，与全球环境基金开展了中国技术需求评估项目合作，与能源基金会合作开展编制温室气体清单能力建设及相关政策、技术路线研究、气候变化立法研究等。中国积极参与相关国际科技合作计划，如地球科学系统联盟框架下的世界气候研究计划、国家地圈—生物圈计划、国家全球变化人文因素计划、全球对地观测政府间协调组织、全球气候系统观测计划等，相关研究成果为中国应对气候变化政策的制定提供了有益参考。

    (二)加强与发达国家务实合作

    中国与美国、欧盟、意大利、德国、挪威、英国、法国、澳大利亚、加拿大、日本等国家和地区建立了气候变化领域对话和合作机制，签署相关联合声明、谅解备忘录和合作协议等，将气候变化作为双方合作的重要内容。推动中日节能环保合作，与美国在建筑节能、清洁煤／碳捕集与封存、清洁能源汽车等三个优先领域开展联合研究，与德国在电动汽车领域开展深入的科技合作，与澳大利亚开展二氧化碳地质封存合作，与意大利开展清洁能源／碳捕集与封存技术合作，与欧盟开展建筑能效与质量的合作，与英国推进绿色建筑和生态城市发展合作，与加拿大开展采用现代木结构建筑技术应对气候变化合作，与瑞典开展城乡可持续发展领域合作。

    (三)深化与发展中国家务实合作

    与南非、印度、巴西、韩国等国家签署相关的联合声明、谅解备忘录和合作协议等，建立气候变化合作机制，加强在气象卫星监测、新能源开发利用等领域的合作，为发展中国家援建200个清洁能源和环保项目。加强科技合作，实施了100个中非联合科技研究示范项目。加强农业合作，援建农业示范中心，派遣农业技术专家，培训农业技术人员，提高非洲实现粮食安全能力。注重在人力资源开发上的合作，实施援外培训项目85个。2008年12月，中国在吉布提举办了清洁发展机制与可再生能源培训班。2009年6月，在北京举办了发展中国家应对气候变化官员研修班。同年7月，在北京为来自非洲国家的官员和学者举办发展中国家气候及气候变化国际高级研修班。2010年，共安排19期应对气候变化和清洁能源国际研修班，为受援国培训548名官员和专业人员。中国还向南太平洋、加勒比等地区小岛屿国家提供支持与帮助，先后为太平洋岛屿国家援建130多个项目，为发展中国家应对气候变化提供力所能及的援助，提高其减缓和适应气候变化的能力。

    (四)积极开展清洁发展机制项目合作

    为促进清洁发展机制项目在中国的有序开展，2005年中国制定和颁布实施了《清洁发展机制项目运行管理办法》。2010年，为提高清洁发展机制项目开发和审定核查效率，又对该管理办法进行了修订。大力开展相关能力建设，提高推动清洁发展机制项目开发的能力。每年组织专家计算电网基准线排放因子，及时公布和共享信息。截至2011年7月，中国已经批准了3154个清洁发展机制项目，主要集中在新能源和可再生能源、节能和提高能效、甲烷回收利用等方面。其中，已有1560个项目在联合国清洁发展机制执行理事会成功注册，占全世界注册项目总数的45.67％，已注册项目预计经核证的减排量(CER)年签发量约3.28亿吨二氧化碳当量，占全世界总量的63.84％，为《京都议定书》的实施提供了支持。

七、“十二五”时期的目标任务和政策行动

    “十二五”期间，中国将把积极应对全球气候变化作为经济社会发展的一项重要任务，坚持以科学发展为主题，以加快转变经济发展方式为主线，牢固树立绿色、低碳发展理念，把积极应对气候变化作为经济社会发展的重大战略、作为调整经济结构和转变经济发展方式的重大机遇，坚持走新型工业化道路，合理控制能源消费总量，综合运用优化产业结构和能源结构、节约能源和提高能效、增加碳汇等多种手段，有效控制温室气体排放，提高应对气候变化能力，广泛开展气候变化领域国际合作，促进经济社会可持续发展。

    (一)主要目标

    2009年哥本哈根会议召开前，中国政府宣布了到2020年单位国内生产总值温室气体排放比2005年下降40％—45％的行动目标，并作为约束性指标纳入国民经济和社会发展中长期规划。2011年3月，中国全国人大审议通过的《中华人民共和国国民经济和社会发展第十二个五年规划纲要》提出“十二五”时期中国应对气候变化约束性目标：到2015年，单位国内生产总值二氧化碳排放比2010年下降17％，单位国内生产总值能耗比2010年下降16％，非化石能源占一次能源消费比重达到11.4％，新增森林面积1250万公顷，森林覆盖率提高到21.66％，森林蓄积量增加6亿立方米。这彰显了中国政府推动低碳发展、积极应对气候变化的决心。

    (二)政策行动

    围绕上述目标任务，“十二五”期间，中国将重点从十一个方面推进应对气候变化相关工作。

    一是加强法制建设和战略规划。按照中国全国人大常委会通过的《关于积极应对气候变化的决议》要求，研究制定专门的应对气候变化法，并根据应对气候变化工作的需要，对相关法律、法规、条例、标准等作出修订。开展中国低碳发展战略、适应气候变化总体战略研究，提出中国应对气候变化及控制温室气体排放的技术发展路线图。组织编制《国家应对气候变化规划(2011—2020)》，指导未来10年中国应对气候变化工作。

    二是加快经济结构调整。通过政策调整和体制创新，推动产业优化升级，加快经济发展方式转变。抑制高耗能、高排放行业过快增长，加大淘汰落后产能力度，大力发展现代服务业，积极培育战略性新兴产业，加快低碳技术研发和产品推广，逐步形成以低碳为特征的能源、工业、交通、建筑体系。

    三是优化能源结构和发展清洁能源。合理控制能源消费总量，制定能源发展规划，明确总量控制目标和分解落实机制。加快发展清洁煤技术，加强煤炭清洁生产和利用，促进天然气产量快速增长，推进煤层气、页岩气等非常规油气资源开发利用，安全高效发展核能，因地制宜加快水能、风能、太阳能、地热能、生物质能等可再生能源开发。

    四是继续实施节能重点工程。实施锅炉窑炉改造、电机系统节能、能量系统优化、余热余压利用、节约替代石油、建筑节能、绿色照明等节能改造工程，以及节能技术产业化示范工程、节能产品惠民工程、合同能源管理推广工程和节能能力建设工程等重点节能工程，推进工业、建筑、交通等重点领域和重点行业节能，努力提高能源利用效率。

    五是大力发展循环经济。进一步统筹协调低碳发展战略与其他资源环境政策，支持循环经济技术研发、示范推广和能力建设，努力提高资源产出率。编制全国循环经济发展总体规划，深化循环经济示范试点工作，加快建立反映循环经济发展的评价指标和统计制度，通过循环经济技术和市场机制使重点企业、园区、城市生态化。

    六是扎实推进低碳试点。组织试点省区和城市编制低碳发展规划，积极探索具有本地区特色的低碳发展模式，率先形成有利于低碳发展的政策体系和体制机制，加快建立以低碳为特征的产业体系和消费模式。组织开展低碳产业园区、低碳社区和低碳商业试点。

    七是逐步建立碳排放交易市场。借鉴国际碳排放交易市场建设经验，结合中国国情，逐步推进碳排放交易市场建设。通过规范自愿减排交易和排放权交易试点，完善碳排放交易价格形成机制，逐步建立跨省区的碳排放权交易体系，充分发挥市场机制在优化资源配置上的基础性作用，以最小化成本实现温室气体排放控制目标。

    八是增加碳汇。大力推进植树造林，继续实施“三北”重点防护林工程、长江中下游地区重点防护林工程、退耕还林工程、天然林保护工程、京津风沙源治理工程以及岩溶地区石漠化综合治理等生态保护项目。深入开展城市绿化造林，加快建设城市森林生态屏障。开展碳汇造林试点，促进碳汇林业健康有序发展。继续实施农田保护性耕作和退牧还草等工程，增加农田和草地碳汇。

    九是提高适应气候变化能力。重视应对极端气候事件能力建设，提高农业、林业、水资源、卫生健康等重点领域和沿海、生态脆弱地区适应气候变化水平。研究制定农林业适应气候变化政策措施，保障粮食安全和生态安全。合理开发和优化配置水资源，强化各项节水政策和措施。加强海洋和海岸生态系统监测和保护，提高沿海地区抵御海洋灾害能力。完善应对极端气象灾害的应急预案、启动机制以及多灾种早期预警机制。

    十是继续加强能力建设。建立温室气体排放基础统计制度，加强对可再生能源、能源供应和消费的统计。加强科技支撑，推进关键低碳技术自主研发，扩大低碳技术示范和推广。进一步完善有利于应对气候变化人才发展的体制机制，不断提高人才队伍素质。通过多种大众传播媒介，广泛宣传普及应对气候变化知识，积极倡导低碳消费。

    十一是全方位开展国际合作。继续加强与发达国家的交流与对话，全面启动应对气候变化南南合作，开展应对气候变化能力建设与培训，实施适应气候变化技术合作项目，组织节能、节水、新能源产品与设施推广赠送活动，为发展中国家应对气候变化提供切实支持，逐步形成具有总体规划指导、专项经费支持、成熟稳定队伍，能够有效覆盖减缓、适应、技术转让、能力建设等各领域的综合性对外交流与合作体系。

    2011年，中国政府发布《“十二五”节能减排综合性工作方案》、《“十二五”控制温室气体排放工作方案》等，对“十二五”期间开展节能减排和控制温室气体排放作出了全面部署。

八、中国参与气候变化国际谈判的基本立场

    中国积极建设性参与了应对气候变化国际谈判，坚持《公约》和《议定书》双轨谈判机制，坚持“共同但有区别的责任”原则，推动气候变化国际谈判取得进展。2011年11月底到12月初，联合国气候变化会议将在南非德班召开，中国认为，德班会议应落实2010年坎昆会议上各方达成的共识，确定相关机制的具体安排，并就坎昆会议未能解决的问题继续谈判，在已有共识的基础上取得积极成果。

    (一)中国参与气候变化国际谈判的原则立场

    为促进联合国气候变化德班会议按巴厘路线图的要求取得积极进展，中国政府坚持以下原则立场：

    一是坚持《公约》和《议定书》基本框架，严格遵循巴厘路线图授权。《公约》和《议定书》是国际合作应对气候变化的基本框架和法律基础，凝聚了国际社会的共识，是落实巴厘路线图的依据和行动指南。巴厘路线图要求为加强《公约》和《议定书》全面、有效和持续实施，应确定发达国家在《议定书》第二承诺期的进一步量化减排指标，并就减缓、适应、技术转让、资金支持等作出相应安排。

    二是坚持“共同但有区别的责任”原则。发达国家200多年的工业化过程中排放了大量温室气体，是造成当前全球气候变化的主要原因，理应承担率先大幅减排的历史责任。从现实能力看，发达国家拥有雄厚的经济实力，掌握着先进的低碳技术，而发展中国家缺乏应对气候变化的财力和技术手段，还面临着发展经济、消除贫困、应对气候变化等多重艰巨任务。因此，发达国家应率先大幅度减排，同时要向发展中国家提供资金、转让技术。发展中国家在发展经济、消除贫困的过程中，在发达国家的支持下根据各国国情采取积极的适应和减缓气候变化的措施。

    三是坚持可持续发展原则。当代的发展不应损害后代的发展能力。应当在可持续发展的框架下，统筹考虑经济发展、消除贫困、保护气候，积极推动绿色、低碳发展，实现经济社会发展和应对气候变化的双赢。

    四是坚持统筹减缓、适应、资金、技术等问题。减缓和适应气候变化是应对气候变化的两个有机组成部分，应当同等重视。减缓是一项相对长期、艰巨的任务，而适应对发展中国家尤为现实、紧迫。资金和技术是实现减缓和适应气候变化必不可少的手段，发达国家向发展中国家提供资金、技术转让和能力建设支持是发展中国家有效应对气候变化的根本保证。

    五是坚持联合国主导气候变化谈判的原则，坚持“协商一致”的决策机制。中国不反对通过《公约》和《议定书》谈判进程外的非正式磋商或小范围磋商探讨《公约》和《议定书》谈判中的焦点问题，推进谈判进程，但上述会议均应是对《公约》和《议定书》谈判进程的补充，而非替代。“协商一致”原则是《联合国宪章》的重要精神，符合联合国整体和长远利益，对增强决策的民主性、权威性和合法性有重要意义。因此，必须坚持“协商一致”的决策机制，在确保谈判进程公开、透明和广泛参与的前提下，以适当方式提高工作效率。

    (二)德班会议成果预期

    中国认为，德班会议应在以下三个方面达成具体成果：

    一要明确发达国家在《议定书》第二承诺期进行大幅度绝对量化减排的安排。《议定书》是巴厘路线图双轨谈判机制中的一轨，其第一承诺期将于2012年底结束。为落实《坎昆协议》关于确保《议定书》第一、第二承诺期不出现空当的要求，应尽快确定《议定书》发达国家在第二承诺期的减排安排，这是德班会议最为紧迫的任务，直接关系到德班会议的成败。

    二要明确非《议定书》发达国家在《公约》下承担与其他发达国家在《议定书》下可比的减排承诺。根据巴厘路线图的要求，《议定书》发达国家在《议定书》下承担减排指标，非《议定书》发达国家也要在《公约》下承担与之可比的减排努力，这种可比性包括了减排的性质、范围和遵约机制等。在此情况下，发展中国家也应在可持续发展的框架下，在发达国家的资金和技术转让支持下开展积极的减缓行动。很多发展中国家已经提出了到2020年的自主减排行动目标，在发达国家在《公约》和《议定书》第二承诺期分别承担到2020年有国际法律约束力的减排指标的情况下，可按照“共同但有区别的责任”原则，以适当的法律形式明确发展中国家的减缓行动，认可发展中国家的减排努力。

    三要细化并落实适应、资金、技术转让、能力建设方面的机制安排，细化体现发达国家和发展中国家区别的“三可”(可测量、可报告、可核实)和透明度的具体安排。目前大部分发展中国家都在力所能及的范围内采取了应对气候变化的积极行动，为应对全球气候变化作出了重要贡献，但国际社会仍缺乏对发展中国家在资金和技术转让方面的有效支持。只有建立有效机制并为发展中国家提供新的、额外的、充足的资金和技术转让支持，发展中国家才能有效开展减缓行动和适应行动。《坎昆协议》明确了有关“三可”和透明度的原则，中国支持在德班会议上就发达国家减排承诺及其对发展中国家资金、技术转让和能力建设支持的“三可”和发展中国家自主减缓行动“国际磋商和分析”问题作出具体安排，这种安排也应充分体现发达国家和发展中国家之间“共同但有区别的责任”原则。

结束语

    在推进工业化和城镇化的进程中，中国清醒认识到气候变化带来的严峻挑战。作为负责任的发展中大国，中国将从基本国情和发展阶段的特征出发，坚定不移地走可持续发展道路，为应对全球气候变化作出更大的贡献。

    中国将继续积极推动气候变化国际谈判进程，积极参加联合国气候变化谈判会议，支持即将召开的气候变化德班会议在落实巴厘路线图的谈判方面取得全面、均衡的成果，就加强《公约》及《议定书》的全面、有效和持续实施作出公平、合理、有效的安排。中国愿意与国际社会一道，努力共同推动德班会议取得积极的成果。